普通话焦点的语音实现和音系分析

书籍目录

Chapter One Introduction/1

1.1 Introduction/1

1.2 Literature review/1

1.2.1 Intonationalphonology/1

1.2.2 Prosodic phonology/3

1.2.2.1 Syntax-phonology mapping/3

1.2.2.2 Prosodic domains/4

1.2.2.3 Properties of prosodic structure/5

1.2.3 Focus/6

1.2.3.1 Focus from three different angles/7

1.2.3.2 Focus in phonetic approach/8

1.2.3.3 Focus in phonological approach/l0

1.3 Significance oftheresearch/14

1.4 Basic concepts in this study/16

1.4.1 Definition of focus/16

1.4.2 Nuclear accent and pre-nuclear accent/19

1.4.3 Relative prominence/20

1.50utlineofthisresearch/20

Chapter Two Methodology I 23

2.1 Background and claims/23

2.2 Design of acoustic experiment/24

2.2.1 Materials selection/24

2.2.2 Syntactic structure of target sentence/25

2.2.2.1 Unmarked structure/25

2.2.2.2 Lian...dou structure/27

2.2.2.3 Shi...de structure/28

2.2.3 Focus identification/29

2.2.3.1 Focus in unmarked structure/29

2.2.3.2 Focus conditions in the lian...dou structure/34

2.2.3.3 Focus conditions in the shi...de structure/38

2.3 Recording procedure/40

2.4 Data processing/41

2.4.1 Data annotation/41

2.4.2 Data extraction/42

2.5 Measurement of parameters/42

2.5.1 Measurement of Fo/42

2.5.2 Measurement of Duration/43

2.6 Perceptual experiment/43

2.6.1 Aim of the perceptual experiment/43

2.6.2 Stimuli selection/44

2.6.3 Procedure/46

Chapter Three Phonetic Realization of Accent Patterns in Unmarked Structure/48

3.1 Introduction/48

3.2 Phonetic realization of constituents in four information categories in unmarked structure/51

3.2.1 F0 contour oftonel utterances in four information categories/52

3.2.1.1 Overall Fo contour/53

3.2.1.2 Statistical analysis/56

3.2.2 F0 contour of tone2 utterances in four information categories/58

3.2.2.1 Overall Fo contour/59

3.2.2.2 Statistical analysis/61

3.2.3 F0 contour of tone4 utterances in four information categories/63

3.2.3.1 Overall Fo contour/64

3.2.3.2 Statistical analysis/65

3.2.4 Durational patterns of constituents in four information categories/66

3.2.4.1 Duration of subject constituents/68

3.2.4.2 Duration of object constituents/70

3.2.5 Summary/72

3.3 Phonetic realization of double rheme focuses/73

3.3.1 F0 contour of tone2 utterances in double rheme focuses/73

3.3.2 F0 contour of tone4 utterances in double rheme focuses/77

3.3.3 Duration patterns of wordsin double rheme focuses/79

3.3.3.1 Duration patterns of subject constituents/79

3.3.3.2 Duration patterns of object constituents/81

3.3.4 Summary/83

3.4 Phonetic realization of multiple rheme focuses/84

3.4.1 F0 patterns ofrheme focus on "S+Ad+O" and "S+V+O"/86

3.4.2 F0 pattems ofrheme focus on "Ad+V+O"and"S+Ad+V"/88

3.4.3 Summary/90

3.5 Accent andphrasing/90

3.5.1 Duration of pauses/90

3.5.2 Lengthening/93

3.5.3 Prosodic labeling/94

3.6 Discussion / 95

Chapter Four Accent Patterns in 'lian...dou' and 'shi...de'Constructions/97

4.1 Introduction / 97

4.2 Co-existences and conflicts of syntax-marked focus

and information induced focus in 'lian+S+dou+V+O+Le'and 'Shi+S+V+O+De' constructions I 103

4.2.1 Phonetic realization of syntax-marked focus/104

4.2.1.1 Overall F0 contour of syntax-marked focus/105

4.2.1.2 Durational lengthening of syntax-marked focus/111

4.2.1.3 Summary/113

4.2.2 Addition of the syntax-marked focus with the theme focus on the same constituent/114

4.2.2.1 Overall F0 contour of additive focus/116

4.2.2.2 Durational lengthening induced by additive focus/120

4.2.2.3 Summary/121

4.2.3 Co-existence of two different kinds of focuses on different constituents/122

4.2.3.1 Overall F0 contour of two different kinds of focuses/123

4.2.3.2 Durational lengthening of two different kinds of focuses/127

4.2.3.3 Summary/131

4.2.4 Interaction of addition of syntax-marked focus and rheme focus with rheme focus/131

4.2.4.1 Overall Fo patterns/133

4.2.4.2 Duration patterns/136

4.2.4.3 Summary/139

4.2.5 Prosodic phrasing of the 'lian+S+dou+V+O+Le' construction/140

4.2.5.1 Durational distribution of pauses/141

4.2.5.2 Lengthening/141

4.2.5.3 Prosodic boundary labeling/143

4.2.5.4 Summary/144

4.3 Co-existence and conflict of syntax-marked focus and induced focus in 'S+l~V+le' constructions/144

4.3.1 Fo contour of rhematic focus constituent after lian-marked focus/146

4.3.2 F0 contour of rhematic focus constituent before lian-marked focus/148

4.3.3 Fo contour of rhematic focus and addition of lian-marked focus and rhematic focus in one sentence/150

4.3.4 Mean duration among the words in various focus conditions/151

4.3.4.1 Duration patterns of subject constituents/151

4.3.4.2 Duration patterns of object constituents/153

4.3.5 Summary/155

4.4 Discussion/155

Chapter Five Phonological Representation of Accent Patterns in SC/158

5.1 Introduction/158

5.2 Phonological structure of intonation/162

5.2.1 The IPO theory of intonational structure/163

5.2.1.1 Basic assumptions of IPO/163

5.2.1.2 Phonetic realization/164

5.2.2 Pierrehumbert's model of tonal structure/164

5.2.2.1 The original model/165

5.2.2.2 Pitch accents/165

5.2.2.3 Phrase accents/166

5.2.2.4 Boundary tones/166

5.2.2.5 Framework/166

5.2.2.6 Modifications to the original framework/167

5.2.3 ToBI labeling system/168

5.2.3.1 Tiers inToBI/168

5.2.3.2 Accent inventory in ToBI/169

5.2.4 IViE labeling system/170

5.2.4.1 Tiers inlViE/170

5.2.4.2 Accent inventory in IViE/171

5.2.5 Ladd's notation of tonal structure/172

5.2.5.1 Types of pitch accents/173

5.2.5.2 Post-nuclear accents/174

5.2.6 Gussenhoven's representation of tonal structure/175

5.2.6.1 Nuclear contours and boundary tones/176

5.2.6.2 Pre-nuclear pitch accents/176

5.2.6.3 Onsets/177

5.2.6.4 Expanding the tonal grammar/178

5.3 Intonation structure of SC/179

5.3.1 Autosegmetal representation of tone/180

5.3.2 Phonological pattern of intonation structure in SC/182

5.3.2.1 Types of phonological events/182

5.3.2.2 Phonological pattern of accents/187

5.3.3 Hierarchical structure of accents/187

5.3.4 Underlying causes for restricting the distribution of accents/189

5.3.4.1 Focus without accents/190

5.3.4.2 Accents without focus/190

5.3.4.3 A metrical account of accent distribution/191

5.4 Discussion/193

Chapter Six OTAnalysis of Tonal Structure/194

6.1 Introduction/194

6.2 Grammatical model of OT/195

6.3 Constraints in the analysis/196

6.3.1 Markedness constraints/196

6.3.2 Faithfulness constraints/197

6.3.3 Association constraints/197

6.3.4 Alignment constraints/198

6.4 OT analysis of accent patterns/198

6.4.1 GenerationofH* tone/199

6.4.2 Generation of L* tone/200

6.4.3 Generation of LH* tone/202

6.4.4 Generation of H*L tone/203

6.5 OT analysis of accent distributions/205

6.5.1 Accent on subject position/205

6.5.2 Accent on object position/207

6.5.3 Accents on subject and object positions/208

6.6 OT analysisofprosodicphrasing/210

6.7 Discussion/211

Chapter Seven Concluding Remarks/213

7.1 Major findings/213

7.2 The cross-linguisticperspective/216

7.3 Suggestions for future research/218

Bibliography/220

Appendix Sample Sentences/233

作者简介

贾媛编著的《普通话焦点的语音实现和音系分析（英文版）》主要考察普通话语调结构、韵律结构以及焦点的关系，主要研究普通话不同类别以及不同数量焦点的韵律特征。内容主要涉及三个方面：（1）焦点成分的声学特征，如疑问词引导的（主位和述位）焦点、句法标记的焦点以及两类焦点的交互作用在韵律上的表现；（2）由不同类别和数量焦点所传达的重音的层级和音系表征；f3）焦点和重音对应关系的理论解释。根据研究的目的，本研究采用Pierrehumbert、Ladd、Grice、Gussenhoven等人提出的语调音系学理论，Selkirk，Nespor和Ladd等人提出的韵律层级理论，以及有关语调的优选论分析模式（见Gussenhoven 2005，Yip 2002），来解释普通话的焦点的分布问题、焦点和重音的对应关系问题，以及普通话的语调音系表征模式。本研究遵循实验室音系学研究思路，将实验数据与理论分析相结合，在实验数据的基础上概括普通话的音系范畴特征。

本研究所采用的实验句子均为陈述句，实验用句根据研究目的的不同，包括单焦点句（疑问词引导的焦点或者句法标记的焦点，如“连”标记或“是”标记的焦点）、双焦点句（包括疑问词引导的主位焦点和述位焦点，双述位焦点以及句法标记焦点和述位焦点）、多焦点句（多个疑问词引导的述位焦点），以考察普通话中不同数量和不同类别的焦点句，对短语层面突显，韵律切分以及语调模式影响，为跨语言的焦点句的研究提供有力证据。

《普通话焦点的语音实现和音系分析（英文版）》以音高和时长为参数，考察由上述焦点类型所体现的不同类别的重音模式。在分析焦点成分的声学特征时，将每个音节的音高目标值H或L特征作为分析的基本单元。本研究指出：（1）在单焦点情况下，无论焦点成分为疑问焦点或者句法标记焦点（“是”或“连”标记的焦点），重音与焦点是一一对应的关系。以音高为参数，句法标记的焦点与疑问词引导的焦点的语音特征类似，其将焦点成分的音高音域显著抬高而将焦点后成分的音高显著压低。焦点成分的声调组合对重音实现的方式有重要的影响，如重音可将焦点成分的H和L调显著抬高，而以H调为声学特征主要体现位置，但焦点成分的声调组合不影响重音的分布。以时长为参数，不同类别的焦点都对时长有显著的拉长作用，但疑问词引导的焦点的作用比句法标记要显著；（2）在无句法标记结构中，在双焦点情况下，由焦点所传达的重音有层级差异。在无句法标记结构中，主要发现包括以下几个方面：①不用层级的焦点可以由不同层级的重音来体现，如由疑问词引导的焦点主位焦点和述位焦点，由于述位焦点的层级高于主位焦点，所传达的重音层级也以述位焦点为主重音；②相同层级的疑问焦点引导的述位焦点，重音的层级也不相同；③双焦点对焦点之间成分的音高无压低作用；④在多个疑问词引导的焦点，焦点与重音不是一一对应的关系，只有最右位置的焦点可以实现为重音；⑤在本研究中，采用核心重音和核心前重音来解释重音的层级问题，核心重音是重音成分中主要的、非选择性成分，而核心前重音则是次要的、选择性的成分；⑥疑问词引导的焦点对韵律切分也有影响，可以将普通话语调切分为中间短语。（3）在有句法标记的结构中，双焦点情况下，根据疑问词和句法标记焦点成分的组合关系主要发现有以下几点：①疑问焦点和句法标记焦点分布于同一成分时，可以实现为核心重音，对焦点下成分的音高抬高和时长的拉长作用比单焦点更显著，对后接成分的音高压低也更显著；②疑问焦点和句法标记的焦点可以分布于句子的不同成分上，当句法标记焦点（“连”标记焦点）位于疑问焦点之前，句法标记焦点和疑问焦点分别实现为核心前重音和核心重音，前者音高和时长变化比后者幅度小。当句法标记焦点位于疑问焦点之后，句法标记焦点则失去重读，只有疑问焦点实现为核心重音。

根据实验结果以及以往语调音系研究，本研究进一步提出了具有语言学意义的普通话语调音系表征模式。该语调模式主要描述普通话字调层面以上的语调变化模式，主要包括四类音系事件：核心重音，核心前重音，调头和边界调。其中核心重音和边界调是非选择性成分，而核心前重音和调头则是选择性成分。音系事件的语音实现是以H和L调的描述为基础的，语调的模式是以局部的音系事件为基础，按照线性的序列组合而成。核心重音和核心前重音的内在特征不同，核心重音具有唯一性特征，核心重音实现是无标记的，而核心前重音的出现却是有标记的，在普通话中只出现在双焦点情况下。在上述焦点语音实现的描述中，多焦点情况下只有一个重音出现，而在有句法标记情况下，也可以失去重音。因此，在普通话中，有焦点的位置未必由重音来表征。根据以上分析，本研究提出制约表层核心重音实现的底层原因，即节律上相对的“轻—重”关系，节律上相对“重”的成分获得核心重音，节律上相对“轻”的成分则根据焦点环境失去重音或者实现为核心前重音，如在单焦点环境下，节律结构为“重—轻”，因此，焦点位置实现为核心重音，而焦点后成分则失去重音；在双焦点以及多焦点环境下，节律结构为“轻—重”，在双焦点情况下，实现为核心前重音和核心重音，而在多焦点情况下，只有最右位置焦点实现为核心重音。

在优选论的框架下，采用普遍性的制约条件等级排列，来解释从焦点到重音的实现过程，共分为三个步骤：表层重音类型的生成包括：H*，L*，LH*或者H*L；重音的连接位置以及韵律切分位置。

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