这才是心理学

内容概要

基思•斯坦诺维奇（Keith E. Stanovich），目前担任加拿大多伦多大学人类发展与应用心理学的国家首席教授，他的研究领域是推理和阅读的心理学机制。他于2010年获得格威尔美尔教育奖（Grawemeyer Award in Education）。他至今已发表了200多篇科学论文。在一项对于论文引用率的调查中，斯坦诺维奇位列引用率最高的50位发展心理学家之一，也是25位最高产的教育心理学家之一。他所撰写的《这才是心理学》（How to Think Straight about Psychology）一书被全球300多所心理学高等教育机构采用。

书籍目录

1 Psychology Is Alive and Well (and Doing Fine Among the Sciences) 1

The Freud Problem 1

The Diversity of Modern Psychology 2

Implications of Diversity 3

Unity in Science 6

What, Then, Is Science? 8

Systematic Empiricism 9

Publicly Verifiable Knowledge: Replication and Peer Review 10

Empirically Solvable Problems: Scientists’ Search for Testable Theories 12

Psychology and Folk Wisdom: The Problem with “Common Sense” 13

Psychology as a Young Science 16

Summary 18

2 Falsifiability: How to Foil Little Green Men in the Head 19

Theories and the Falsifiability Criterion 20

The Theory of Knocking Rhythms 22

Freud and Falsifiability 23

The Little Green Men 25

Not All Confirmations Are Equal 26

Falsifiability and Folk Wisdom 27

The Freedom to Admit a Mistake 28

Thoughts Are Cheap 30

Errors in Science: Getting Closer to the Truth 31

Summary 34

3 Operationism and Essentialism: “But, Doctor,What Does It Really Mean?” 35

Why Scientists Are Not Essentialists 35

Essentialists Like to Argue About the Meaning of Words 36

Operationists Link Concepts to Observable Events 37

Reliability and Validity 38

Direct and Indirect Operational Definitions 40

Scientific Concepts Evolve 40

Operational Definitions in Psychology 42

Operationism as a Humanizing Force 45

Essentialist Questions and the Misunderstanding of Psychology 47

Operationism and the Phrasing of Psychological

Questions 48

Summary 51

4 Testimonials and Case Study Evidence:Placebo Effects and the Amazing Randi 53

The Place of the Case Study 54

Why Testimonials Are Worthless: Placebo Effects 56

The “Vividness” Problem 59

The Overwhelming Impact of the Single Case 63

The Amazing Randi: Fighting Fire with Fire 65

Testimonials Open the Door to Pseudoscience 67

Summary 71

5 Correlation and Causation: Birth Control by the Toaster Method 73

The Third-Variable Problem: Goldberger and Pellagra 74

Why Goldberger’s Evidence Was Better 75

The Directionality Problem 78

Selection Bias 80

Summary 83

6 Getting Things Under Control: The Case of Clever Hans 85

Snow and Cholera 86

Comparison, Control, and Manipulation 87

Random Assignment in Conjunction with Manipulation Defines the True Experiment 88

The Importance of Control Groups 91

The Case of Clever Hans, the Wonder Horse 94

Clever Hans in the 1990s 96

Prying Variables Apart: Special Conditions 99

Intuitive Physics 101

Intuitive Psychology 103

Summary 104

7 “But It’s Not Real Life!”: The “Artificiality”

Criticism and Psychology 105

Why Natural Isn’t Always Necessary 105

The “Random Sample” Confusion 107

The Random Assignment Versus Random Sample Distinction 107

Theory-Driven Research Versus Direct Applications 108

Applications of Psychological Theory 113

The “College Sophomore” Problem 115

The Real-Life and College Sophomore

Problems in Perspective 119

Summary 120

8 Avoiding the Einstein Syndrome: The Importance of Converging Evidence 121

The Connectivity Principle 122

A Consumer’s Rule: Beware of Violations of Connectivity 123

The “Great-Leap” Model Versus the Gradual-Synthesis Model 125

Converging Evidence: Progress Despite Flaws 126

Converging Evidence in Psychology 129

Scientific Consensus 133

Methods and the Convergence Principle 135

The Progression to More Powerful Methods 136

A Counsel Against Despair 139

Summary 142

9 The Misguided Search for the “Magic Bullet”:The Issue of Multiple Causation 145

The Concept of Interaction 146

The Temptation of the Single-Cause Explanation 149

Summary 152

10 The Achilles’ Heel of Human Cognition:Probabilistic Reasoning 153

“Person-Who” Statistics 155

Probabilistic Reasoning and the Misunderstanding of Psychology 156

Psychological Research on Probabilistic Reasoning 158

Insufficient Use of Probabilistic Information 159

Failure to Use Sample Size Information 161

The Gambler’s Fallacy 162

A Further Word About Statistics and Probability 164

Summary 166

11 The Role of Chance in Psychology 167

The Tendency to Try to Explain Chance Events 167

Explaining Chance: Illusory Correlation and the Illusion of Control 170

Chance and Psychology 172

Coincidence 173

Personal Coincidences 176

Accepting Error in Order to Reduce Error: Clinical versus Actuarial Prediction 177

Summary 184

12 The Rodney Dangerfield of the Sciences 185

Psychology’s Image Problem 185

Psychology and Parapsychology 186

The Self-Help Literature 188

Recipe Knowledge 190

Psychology and Other Disciplines 192

Our Own Worst Enemies 194

Isn’t Everyone a Psychologist? Implicit Theories of Behavior 200

The Source of Resistance to Scientific Psychology 201

The Final Word 206

References 207

Name Index 231

Subject Index 238

作者简介

在今天的大众媒体和图书市场上，到处充斥着关于潜能提升、心理操控、色彩星座、催眠读心等伪装成心理学的主题，更有一些伪心理学家、所谓的心理治疗师打着心理学的旗号欺世盗名，从中渔利。在浩如烟海、良莠不齐的心理学信息面前，如何拨除迷雾，去伪存真，成为一个明智的心理学信息的消费者？这本书将教给你科学实用的批判性思维技能，将真正的心理学研究从伪心理学中区分出来，告诉你什么才是真正的心理学。

《这才是心理学》第1版出版于1983年，20多年来一直被奉为心理学入门经典，在全球顶尖大学中享有盛誉，现在呈现在读者面前的是英文第9版。这本书并不同于一般的心理学导论类教材，很多内容是心理学课堂上不曾讲授的，也是许多心理学教师在教学中感到只可意会而不可言传的。作者正是从此初衷出发，以幽默生动的语言，结合一些妙趣横生、贴近生活的实例，深入浅出地介绍了可证伪性、操作主义、实证主义、安慰剂效应、相关和因果、概率推理等心理学中的基本原则。与上一版相比，第9版更新了最新的研究资料和实例以及190篇参考文献。

本书不仅适合于心理学专业的学生，有助于建立心理学研究中必要的批判性思维技能与意识，而其通俗易读性也非常适合所有对心理学感兴趣的读者，它将帮助你纠正对心理学的种种误解，学会独立地评估心理学信息，用科学的精神和方法理解自己和他人的行为。此外，由于心理学与其他学科的共通性，本书也不失为一本精彩有趣的科学哲学类读物。

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