软件工程

内容概要

Roger S. Pressman is an intemationally recognized consultant and author

in software engineering. He received a B.S.E. (cum laude) from the

University of Connecticut, an M.S. firom the University of Bridgeport and a

Ph-D. in engineering from the University ofConnecticut, and has over 25 years

of industry experience, holding both technical and management positions with

responsibility for the development ofsoftware for engineered products and sys-

tems.

As an industry practitioner and manager, Dr. Pressman worked on the de-

velopment of CAD/CAM systems for advanced engineering and manufacturing

in aerospace applications. He has also held positions with responsibility for sci-

entific and systems programming.

In addition to his industry experience, Dr. Pressman was Bullard Associate

Professor ofComputer Engineering at the University ofBridgeport and Director

of the University's Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Center.

Dr. Pressman is President of R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., a consult-

ing fim specializing in software engineering methods and training. He serves

as principal consultant, specializing in helping companies establish effective

software engineering practices. He developed the RSP&A software engineering

assessment method, a unique blend of quantitative and qualitative analysis

that helps clients assess their current state of software engineering practice.

In addition to consulting services rendered to many Fortune 500 clients,

R-S. Pressman & Associates, Inc. markets a wide variety of software engineer-

ing training products and process improvement services. The company has de-

veloped a state-of-the-art video curriculum, Essential Software Engineering,

which is among the industry's most comprehensive treatments of the subject.

Another product, Process Advisor, is a self-directed system for software process

unprovement.

Dr. Pressman is author of many technical papers, is a regular contributor

to industry periodicals, and is author of six books. In addition to Software

Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach, he has written Making Software

Engineering Happen (Prentice Hall), the first book to address the critical man-

agement problems associated with software engineering process improvement,

Software Shock (Dorset House), a treatment of software and its impact on busi-

ness and sodety, and A Manager's Guide to Software Engineering (McGraw-

Hill), a book that uses a unique Q&A format to present management guidelines

for instituting and understanding the technology. Dr. Pressman is on the edi-

torial boards ofAmerican Programmer and IEEE Software, and is editor of the

"Manager" column in IEEE Software. He is a member of the ACM, IEEE, and

Tau Beta Pi, Phi Kappa Phi, Eta Kappa Nu, and Pi Tau Sigma.

书籍目录

CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

PREFACE

PART ONE THE PRODUCT AND THI PROCESS

CHAPTER 1 THE PRODUCT

CHAPTER 2 THE PROCESS

PART TWO MANAOINO SOFTWARE PROJECTS

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS

CHAPTER 4 SOFTWARE PROCESS AND PROJECT METRICS

CHAPTER 5 SOFTWARE PROJECT PIANNING

CHAPTER 6 RISK MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 7 PROJECT SCHEDULING AND TRACKING

CHAFTER 8 SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE

CHAPTER 9 SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT

PART THREE CONVENTIONAL METHODS FOR SOFTWARE ENGINEEMNG

CHAPTER 10 SYSTEM ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 11 ANALYSIS CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

CHAPTER12 ANALYSIS MODELING

CHAPTER 13 DESIGN CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

CHAPTER 14 DESlGN METHODS

CHAPTER 15 DESlGN FOR REAL-TlME SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 16 SOFTWARE TESTlNG TECHNlQUES

CHAPTER 17 SOFTWARE TESTlNG STRATEGlES

CHAPTER l 8 TECHNlCAL METRlCS FOR SOFTWARE

PART FOUR OBJECT-ORlENTED SOFTWARE ENOlNEERlNG

CHAPTER l 9 OBJECT-ORlENTED CONCEPTS AND PRlNClPLES

CHAPTER 20 OBjECTORlENTED ANALYSlS

CHAPTER 21 OBJECT-ORlENTED DESlGN

CHAPTER 22 OBJECT-ORlENTED TESTlNG

CHAPTER 23 TECHNlCAL METRlCS FOR OBJECTORlENTED SYSTEMS

PART FlVE ADVANCED TOPICS IN SOFTWARE ENGlNEERlNG

CHAPTER 24 FORMAL METHODS

CHAPTER 25 CLEANROOM SOFTWARE ENGlNEERlNG

CHAPTER 26 SOFTWARE REUSE

CHAPTER 27 REENGlNEERlNG

CHAPTER 28 CLlENT/SERVER SOFTWARE ENGlNEERlNG

CHAPTER 29 COMPUTER-AlDED SOFTWARE ENGlNEERlNG

CHAPTER 30 THE ROAD AHEAD

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

PART ONE THE PRODUCT AND THE PROCESS

CHAPTER 1 THE PRODUCT

1.1 THE EVOLVING ROLE OF SOFTWARE

1.1.1 An Industry Perspective

1.1.2 An Aging Software Plant

1.1.3 Soflware Competitiveness

1.2 SOFTWARE

1.2.1 Software Characteristics

1.2.2 Soflware Components

1.2.3 Software Applications

1.3 SOFTWARE: A CRISIS ON THE HORIZON

1.4 SOFTWARE MYTHS

1.5 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 2 THE PROCESS

2.1 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING-A lAYERED TECHNOLOGY

2.1.1 Process, Methods, and Tools

2.1.2 A Generic View of Software Engineering

2.2 THE SOFTWARE PROCESS

2.3 SOFTWARE PROCESS MODELS

2.4 THE LINEAR SEQUENTIAL MODEL

2.5 THE PROTOTYPING MODEL

2.6 THERADMODEL

2.7 EVOLUTIONARY SOFTWARE PROCESS MODELS

2.7.1 The Incremental Model

2.7.2 The Spiral Model

2.7.3 The Component Assembly Model

2.7.4 The Concurrent Development Model

2.8 THE FORMAl METHODS MODEL

2.9 FOURTH GENERATION TECHNIQUES

2.10 PROCESS TECHNOLOGY

2.11 PRODUCT AND PROCESS

2.12SUMMARY

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PART TWO MANAGING SOFTWARE PROJECTS

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS

3.1 THE MANAGEMENT SPECTRUM

3.1.1 People

3.1.2 TheProblem

3.1.3 TheProcess

3.2 PEOPLE

3.2.1 ThePlayers

3.2.2 Team leaders

3.2.3 The Software Team

3.2.4 Coordination and Communication Issues

3.3 THEPROBLEM

3.3.1 Soflware Scope

3.3.2 Problem Decomposition

3.4 THEPROCESS

3.4.1 Melding the Problem and the Process

3.4.2 Process Decomposition

3.5 THEPRQIECT

3.6 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 4 SOFTWARE PROCESS AND PROJECT METRICS

4.1 MEASURES, METRICS, AND INDICATORS

4.2 METRICS IN THE PROCESS AND PROJECT DOMAINS

4.2.1 Process Metrics and Software Process Improvement

4.2.2 Proiect Metrics

4.3 SOFTWARE MEASUREMENT

4.3.1 SizeOriented Metrics

4.3.2 Function-Oriented Metrics

4.3.3 Extended Function Point Metrics

4.4 RECONCILING DIFFERENT METRICS APPROACHES

4.5 METRICS FOR SOFTWARE QUALITY

4.5.1 An Overview of Factors That Affect Quality

4.5.2 Measuring Quality

4.5.3 Defect Removal Efficiency

4.6 INTEGRATING METRICS WITHIN THE SOFTWARE PROCESS

4.7 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 5 SOFTWARE PROJECT PIANNING

5.1 OBSERVATIONS ON ESTIMATING

5.2 PROJECT PIANNING OBJECTIVES

5.3 SOFTWARE SCOPE

5.3.1 Obtaining Information Necessary for Scope

5.3.2 A Scoping Example

5.4 RESOURCES

5.4.1 Human Resources

5.4.2 Reusable Software Resources

5.4.3 Environmental Resources

5.5 SOFTWARE PROJECT ESTIMATION

5.6 DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES

5.6.1 Soflware Sizing

5.6.2 Problem-Based Estimation

5.6.3 An Example of LOC-Based Esftmation

5.6.4 An Example of FP-Based Estimation

5.6.5 Process-Based Estimation

5.6.6 An Example of Process-Based Estimation

5.7 EMPIRICAL ESTIMATION MODELS

5.7.1 The Structure of Estimation Models

5.7.2 The COCOMO Model

5.7.3 The Soflware Equation

5.8 THE MAKE-BUY DECISION

5.8.1 Creating a Decision Tree

5.8.2 Outsourcing

5.9 AUTOMATED ESTIMATION TOOLS

5.10SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 6 RISK MANAGEMENT

6.1 REACTIVE VS. PROACTIVE RISK STRATEGIES

6.2 SOFTWARE RISKS

6.3 RISK IDENTIFICATION

6.3.1 Product Size Risks

6.3.2 Business Impoct Risks

6.3.3 Customer-Related Risks

6.3.4 Process Risks

6.3.5 Technology Risk

6.3.6 Development Environment Risks

6.3.7 Risks Associated with Staff Size and Experience

6.3.8 Risk Components and Drivers

6.4 RISK PROJECTION

6.4.1 Developing a Risk Table

6.4.2 Assessing Risk Impact

6.4.3 Risk Assessment

6.5 RISK MITIGATION, MONITORING, AND MANAGEMENT

6.6 SAFETY RISKS AND HAZARDS

6.7 THERMMMPIAN

6.8 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 7 PROJECT SCHEDULING AND TRACKING

7.1 BASIC CONCEPTS

7.1.1 Comments on "Lateness'

7.1.2 Basic Principles

7.2 THE REIATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEOPLE AND EFFORT

7.2.1 An Example

7.2.2 An Empirical Relationship

7.2.3 Effort Distribufion

7.3 DEFINING A TASK SET FOR THE SOFTWARE PROJECT

7.3.1 OegreeofRigor

7.3.2 Defining Adaptation Criteria

7.3.3 Computing a Task Set Selector Value

7.3.4 Interpreting the TSS Value and Selecting the Task Set

7.4 SELECTING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING TASKS

7.5 REFINEMENT OF MAJOR TASKS

7.6 DEFINING A TASK NETWORK

7.7 SCHEDULING

7.7.1 Timeline Charts

7.7.2 Tracking the Schedule

7.8 THE PROJECT PIAN

7.9 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 8 SOFTWARE QUALrTY ASSURANCE

8.1 QUAUTY CONCEPTS

8.1.1 Qualily

8.1.2 Qualily Control

8.1.3 Qualily Assurance

8.1.4 Cost of Quality

8.2 THE QUALITY MOVEMENT

8.3 SOFTWARE QUAUTY ASSURANCE

8.3.1 Background Issues

8.3.2 SQAActivities

8.4 SOFTWARE REVIEWS

8.4.1 Cost Impact of Software Defects

8.4.2 Defect Amplification and Removal

8.5 FORMAL TECHNICAL REVIEWS

8.5.1 The Review Meeting

8.5.2 Review Reporting and Record Keeping

8.5.3 Review Guidelines

8.6 FORMAL APPROACHES TO SQA

8.7 STATISTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE

8.8 SOFTWARE REUABILITY

8.8.1 Measures of Reliabilily and Availabilify

8.8.2 Soflware Safely and Hazard Analysis

8.9 THESQAPlAN

8.10 THE ISO 9000 QUALITY STANDARDS

8.10.1 The ISO Approach to Qualily Assurance Systems

8.10.2 The ISO 9001 Standard

8.11 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 9 SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT

9.1 . SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT

9.1.1 Baselines

9.1.2 Software Configuration Items

9.2 THE SCM PROCESS

9.3 IDENTIFICATION OF OBJECTS IN THE SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION

9.4 VERSION CONTROL

9.5 CHANGE CONTROL

9.6 CONFIGURATION AUDIT

9.7 STATUS REPORTING

9.8 SCMSTANDARDS

9.9 SUMMARY

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PART THREE CONVINTiONAL METHOOS FOR SOnWARE JNOINHRINO

CHAPTER 10 SYSTEM ENGNEERING

10.1 COMPUTER-BASED SYSTEMS

10.2 THE SYSTEM ENGINEERING HIERARCHY

10.2.1 System Modeling

10.2.2 Information Engineering: An Overview

10.2.3 Product Engineering: An Overview

10.3 INFORMATION ENGINEERING

10.4 INFORMATION STRATEGY PIANNING

10.4.1 Enterprise Modeling

10.4.2 Business-level Dala Modeling

10.5 BUSINESS AREA ANALYSIS

10.5.1 Process Modeling

10.5.2 Information Flow Modeling

10.6 PRODUCT ENGINEERING

10.6.1 System Analysis

10.6.2 Identification of Need

10.6.3 Feasibility Study

10.6.4 EconomicAnalysis

10.6.5 Technical Analysis

10.7 MODELNNG THE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

10.8 SYSTEM MODEUNG AND SIMUIATION

10.9 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

10.10SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 11 ANALYSIS CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

11.1 REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS

11.2 COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES

11.2.1 Initiating the Process

11.2.2 Facilitaled Application Specification Techniques

11.2.3 Qualily Function Deployment

11.3 ANALYSIS PRINCIPLES

11.3.1 The Information Domain

11.3.2 Modeling

11.3.3 Partitioning

11.3.4 Essential and Implementation Views

11.4 SOFTWARE PROTOTYPING

11.4.1 Selecting the Protolyping Approach

11.4.2 Protolyping Methods and Tools

11.5 SPECIFICATION

11.5.1 Specification Principles

11.5.2 Representation

11.5.3 The Software Requirements Specification

11.6 SPECIFICATION REVIEW

11.7 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 12 ANALYSIS MODELING

12.1 A BRIEF HISTORY

12.2 THE ELEMENTS OF THE ANALYSIS MODEL

12.3 DATAMODELING

12.3.1 Data Objects, Altributes, and Relationships

12.3.2 Cardinalityand Modality

12.3.3 Entily-RelalionshipDiagrams

12.4 FUNCTIONAl MODELING AND INFORMATION FLOW

12.4.1 Data Flow Diagrams

12.4.2 Extensions for Real-Time Syslems

12.4.3 Ward and Mellor Extensions

12.4.4 Hatley and Pirbhai Extensions

12.5 BEHAVIORAL MODEUNG

12.6 THE MECHANICS OF STRUCTURED ANAIYSIS

12.6.1 Creating an Entily-RelationshipDiagram

12.6.2 Creating a Data Flow Model

12.6.3 Creating a Control Flow Model

12.6.4 The Control Specification

12.6.5 The Process Specification

12.7 THE DATA DICTIONARY

12.8 AN OVERVIEW OF OTHER CIASSICAL ANALYSIS METHODS

12.8.1 Data Structured Systems Development

12.8.2 Jackson System Development

12.8.3 SADT

12.9 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 13 DESIGN CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

13.1 SOFTWARE DESIGN AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

13.2 THE DESIGN PROCESS

13.2.1 Design dnd Software Qualily

13.2.2 The Evolution of Soflware Design

13.3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

13.4 DESIGN CONCEPTS

13.4.1 Abstraction

13.4.2 Refinement

13.4.3 Modularily

13.4.4 Soflware Architectre

13.4.5 Control Hierarchy

13.4.6 Structural Partitioning

13.4.7 Data Structure

13.4.8 Software Procedure

13.4.9 Information Hiding

13.5 EFFECTIVE MODUIAR DESIGN

13.5.1 Functional Independence

13.5.2 Cohesion

13.5.3 Coupling

13.6 DESIGN HEURISTICS FOR EFFECTIVE MODULARITY

13.7 THE DESIGN MODEL

13.8 DESIGN DOCUMENTATION

13.9 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 14 DESIGN METHODS

14.1 DATADESIGN

14.2 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

14.2.1 Contributors

14.2.2 Areas of Application

14.3 THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS

14.3.1 Transform Flow

14.3.2 Transaction Flow

14.4 TRANSFORM MAPPING

14.4.1 An Example

14.4.2 Design Steps

14.5 TRANSACTION MAPPING

14.5.1 An Example

14.5.2 DesignSteps

14.6 DESIGN POSTPROCESSING

14.7 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OPTIMIZATION

14.8 INTERFACE DESIGN

14.8.1 Intemal and External Interface Design

14.8.2 User Interface Design

14.9 HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE DESIGN

14.9.1 Interface Design Models

14.9.2 Task Analysis and Modeling

14.9.3 Design Issues

14.9.4 Implementation Tools

14.9.5 Design Evaluation

14.10 INTERFACE DESIGN GUIDELINES

14.10.1 General Interaction

14.10.2 Information Display

14.10.3 Datalnput

14.11 PROCEDURAL DESIGN

14.11.1 Structured Programming

14.11.2 Graphical Design Notation

14.11.3 Tabular Design Notation

14.11.4 Program Design Language

14.11.5 APDLExample

14.12 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 15 DESIGN FOR REAl-TIME SYSTEMS

15.1 SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS

15.2 REAL-TIME SYSTEMS

15.2.1 Integration and Performance Issues

15.2.2 Interrupt Handling

15.2.3 Real-Time Data Bases

15.2.4. Real-Time Operating Systems

15.2.5 Real-Time Languages

15.2.6 Task Synchromzation and Communication

15.3 ANALYSIS AND SIMUIATION OF REAL-TIME SYSTEMS

15.3.1 Mathematical Tools for Real-Time System Analysis

15.3.2 Simulation and Modeling Techniques

15.4 REAL-TIME DESIGN

15.5 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 16 SOFTWARE TESTING METHODS

16.1 SOFTWARE TESTING FUNDAMENTALS

16.1.1 Testing Obiectives

16.1.2 Testing Principles

16.1.3 Testability

16.2 TEST CASE DESIGN

16.3 WHITE BOX TESTING

16.4 BASIS PATH TESTING

16.4.1 Flow Graph Notation

16.4.2 Cyclomatic Complexity

16.4.3 Deriving Test Cases

16.4.4 Graph Matrices

16.5 CONTROL STRUCTURE TESTING

16.5.1 Condition Testing

16.5.2 Data Flow Testing

16.5.3 Loop Testing

16.6 BIACK-BOX TESTING

16.6.1 Graph-Based Testing Methods

16.6.2 Equivalence Partitioning

16.6.3 Boundary Value Analysis

16.6.4 Comparison Testing

16.7 TESTING FOR SPECIALIZED ENVIRONMENTS

16.7.1 TestingGUls

16.7.2 Testing of Client/Server Architectures

16.7.3 Testing Documentation and Help Facilities

16.7.4 Testing fof Real-Time Systems

16.8 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 17 SOFTWARE TESTING STRATEGIES

17.1 A STRATEGIC APPROACH -TO SOFTWARE TESTING

17.1.1 Verification and Validation

17.1.2 Organizing for Software Testing

17.1.3 A Soflware Testing Strategy

17.1.4 Criteria for Completion or Testing

17.2 STRATEGIC ISSUES

17.3 UNITTESTING

17.3.1 Unit Test Considerations

17.3.2 Unit Test Procedures

17.4 INTEGRATLON TESTING

17.4.1 Top-Down Integration

17.4.2 Bottom-Up Integration

17.4.3 Regression Testing

17.4.4 Comments on Integration Testing

17.4.5 Integration Test Documentation

17.5 VALIDATION TESTING

17.5.1 Validation Test Criteria

17.5.2 Configuration Review

17.5.3 Alpha and Beta Testing

17.6 SYSTEM TESTING

17.6.1 Recovery Testing

17.6.2 Securily Testing

17.6.3 StressTesting

17.6.4 Performance Testing

17.7 THE ARTOF DEBUGGING

17.7.1 The Debugging Process

17.7.2 Psychological Considerations

17.7.3 Debugging Approaches

17.8 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 18 TECHNICAL METRICS FOR SOFTWARE

18.1 SOFTWARE QUAUTY

18.1.1 McCall's Qualily Factors

18.1.2 FURPS

18.1.3 The Transition to a Quantitative View

18.2 A FRAMEWORK FOR TECHNICAL SOFTWARE METRICS

18.2.1 The Challenge of Technical Metrics

18.2.2 Measurement Principles

18.2.3 The Attributes of Effective Software Metrics

18.3 METRICS FOR THE ANALYSIS MODEl

18.3.1 Function-Based Metrics

18.3.2 The Bang Metric

18.3.3 Metrics for Specification Quality

18.4 METRICS FOR THE DESIGN MODEL

18.4.1 Highlevel Design Metrics

18.4.2 Component level Design Metrics

18.4.3 Interface Design Metrics

18.5 METRICS FOR SOURCE CODE

18.6 METRICS FOR TESTING

18.7 METRICS FOR MAINTENANCE

18.8 SUMMARY

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PART POUR OBJECT-ORIENTED SOFTWARE ENOINEERINO

CHAPTER 19 OBJECT-ORIENTED CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

19.1 THE OBJECTORIENTED PARADIGM

19.2 OBJECTORIENTED CONCEPTS

19.2.1 Classes and Objects

19.2.2 Attributes

19.2.3 Operations, Methods and Services

19.2.4 Messages

19.2.5 Encapsuhtion, Inheritance, and Polymorphism

19.3 IDENTIFYING THE ELEMENTS OF AN OBJECT MODEL

19.3.1 Identifying Classes and Objects

19.3.2 Specifying Attributes

19.3.3 Defining Operations

19.3.4 Finalizing the ObIect Definition

19.4 MANAGEMENT OF OBJECT-ORIENTED SOFTWARE PROJECTS

19.4.1 The Common Process Framework for 00

19.4.2 ObjeclOriented Project Metrics and Estimation

19.4.3 An 00 Estimoting and Scheduling Approach

19.4.4 Progress for an ObjectOriented Proiect

19.5 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 20 OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS

20.1 OBIECTORIENTED ANALYSIS

20.1.1 Conventional vs. 00 Approaches

20.1.2 The OOA Landscape

20.2 DOMAIN ANALYSIS

20.2.1 Reuse and Domain Analysis

20.2.2 The Domain Analysis Process

20.3 GENERIC COMPONENTS OF THE 00 ANALYSIS MODEL

20.4 THE OOA PROCESS

20.4.1 UseCases

20.4.2 Class-Responsibility-CollaboratorModeling

20.4.3 Defining Structures and Hierarchies

20.4.4 Defining Subjects and Subsystems

20.5 THE OBJECT-REIATIONSHIP MODEL

20.6 THE OBJECT-BEHAVIOR MODEL

20.6.1 Event Identification with Use Cases

20.6.2 State Representations

20.7 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 21 OBJECT-ORIENTEDDESIGN

21.1 DESIGN FOR OBJECT-ORIENTED SYSTEMS

21.1.1 Conventional vs. 00 Approoches

21.1.2 Design Issues

21.1.3 The OOD Landscape

21.2 THE GENERIC COMPONENTS OF THE 00 DESIGN MODEL

21.3 THE SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS

21.3.1 Partitioning the Analysis Model

21.3.2 Concurrency and Subsystem Allocation

21.3.3 The Task Management Component

21.3.4 The Data Management Component

21.3.5 The Resource Management Component

21.3.6 The Human-Computer Interface Component

21.3.7 Inter-Subsystem Communication

21.4 THE OBJECT DESIGN PROCESS

21.4.1 ObjectDescriptions

21.4.2 Designing Algorithms and Data Structures

21.4.3 Program Components and Interfaces

21.5 DESIGN PATTERNS

21.5.1 Describing a Design Pattern

21.5.2 Using Patterns in Design

21.6 OBJECt-ORIENTEDPROGRAMMING

21.7 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 22 OBJECT-ORIENTED TESTING

22.1 BROADENING THE VIEW OF TESTING

22.2 TESTING OOA AND OOD MODELS

22.2.1 Correctness of OOA and OOD Models

22.2.2 Consistency of OOA and OOD Models

22.3 OBJECTORIENTED TESTING STRATEGIES

22.3.1 Unit Testing in the 00 Context

22.3.2 Infegration Testing in the 00 Context

22.3.3 Validation Testing in an 00 Context

22.4 TEST CASE DESIGN FOR 00 SOFTWARE

22.4.1 The Test Case Design Implications of 00 Concepts

22.4.2 Applicability of Conventional Test Case Design Methods

22.4.3 Fault-Based Testing

22.4.4 The Impact of 00 Programming on Testing

22.4.5 Test Cases and the Class Hierarchy

22.4.6 Scenario-Based Test Design

22.4.7 Testing Surface Structure and Deep Structure

22.5 TESTING METHODS APPLICABLE AT THE CIASS LEVEL

22.5.1 Random Testing for 00 Classes

22.5.2 Partition Testing at the Class Level

22.6 INTERCIASS TEST CASE DESIGN

22.6.1 Multiple Class Testing

22.6.2 Tests Derived from Behavior Models

22.7 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 23 TECHNICAL METRICS FOR OBJECT-ORIENTED SYSTEMS

23.1 THE INTENT OF OBJECTORIENTED METRICS

23.2 THE DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS

23.2.1 Localization

23.2.2 Encapsulation

23.2.3 Information hiding

23.2.4 Inheritance

23.2.5 Abstraction

23.3 METRICS FOR THE 00 DESIGN MODEL

23.4 CLASS-ORIENTED METRICS

23.4.1 The CK Metrics Suite

23.4.2 Metrics Proposed by Lorenz and Kidd

23.5 OPERATION-ORIENTED METRICS

23.6 METRICS FOR OBJECT-ORIENTED TESTING

23.7 METRICS FOR OBJECTORIENTED PROJECTS

23.8 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 24 FORMAL METHODS

24.1 BASIC CONCEPTS

24.1.1 Deficiencies of Less Formal Approaches

24.1.2 Mathematics in Soflware Development

24.1.3 Formal Methods Concepts

24.2 MATHEMATICAl PRELIMINARIES

24.2.1 Sets and Constructive Specification

24.2.2 Set.Operators

24.2.3 Logic Operators

24.3 APPLYING MATHEMATICAl NOTATION FOR FORMAL SPECIFICATION

24.4 FORMAL SPECIFICATION LANGUAGES

24.5 USING Z TO REPRESENT AN EXAMPLE SOFTWARE COMPONENT

24.6 THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF FORMAL METHODS

24.7 FORMAL METHODS-THE ROAD AHEAD

24.8 SUMMARY

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CHAPTER 25 CLEANROOM SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

25.1 THE CLEANROOM APPROACH

25.1.1 The Cleanroom Strategy

25.1.2 What Makes Cleanroom Different?

25.2 FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION

25.2.1 Black-Box Specification

25.2.2 State-Box Specification

25.2.3 Clear-Box Specification

25.3 DESIGN REFINEMENT AND VERIFICATION

25.3.1 Design Refinement and Verification

25.3.2 Advantages of Design Verification

25.4 CLEANROOM TESTING

25.4.1 Statistical Use Testing

25.4.2 Gertificotion

25.5 SUMMARY .

REFERENCES

PROBIEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER

FURTHER READINGS AND OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES

CHAPTER 26 SOFTWARE REUSE

26.1 MANAGEMENT ISSUES

26.1.1 Roadblocks to Reuse

26.1.2 A Hardware Analogy

26.1.3 Some Suggestions for Establishing an Approach to Reuse

26.2 THE REUSE PROCESS

26.2.1 Reusable Artifacts

26.2.2 A Process Model

26.3 DOMAIN ENGINEERING

26.3.1 The Domain Analysis Process

26.3.2 Characterization Functions

26.3.3 Structural Modeling and Structure Points

26.4 BUILDING REUSABLE COMPONENTS

26.4.1 Analysis and Design for Reuse

26.4.2 Construction Methods

26.4.3 Component-Based Development

26.5 CIASSIFYING AND RETRIEVING COMPONENTS

26.5.1 Describing Reusable Components

26.5.2 The Reuse Environment

26.6 ECONOMICS OF SOFTWARE REUSE

26.6.1 Impact on Quality, Productivity and Cost

26.6.2 Cost Analysis Using Structure Points

26.6.3 Reuse Metrics

26.7 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER

FURTHER READINGS AND OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES

CHAPTER 27 REENGINEERING

27.1 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING

27.1.1 Business Processes

27.1.2 Principles of Business Process Reengineering

27.1.3 ABPRModel

27.1.4 Words of Warning

27.2 SOFTWARE REENGINEERING

27.2.1 Software Maintenance

27.2.2 A SoftwareReengineering Process Model

27.3 REVERSE ENGINEERING

27.3.1 Reverse Engineering to Understand Processing

27.3.2 Reverse Engineering to Understand Data

27.3.3 Reverse Engineering User Interfaces

27.4 RESTRUCTURING

27.4.1 Code Restructuring

27.4.2 Data Restructuring

27.5 FORWARD ENGINEERING

27.5.1 Forward Engineering for Client/Server Architectures

27.5.2 Forward Engineering for Object-Oriented Architectures

27.5.3 Forward Engineering User Interfaces

27.6 THE ECONOMICS OF REENGINEERING

27.7 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER

FURTHER READINGS AND OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES

CHAPTER 28 CLlENT/SERVER SOFTWARE ENGlNEERlNG

28.l THE STRUCTURE OF CLlENT/SERVER SYSTEMS

28.l.l Soflware Components for C/S Systems

28.l.2 The Distribution of Software Components

28.l.3 Guidelines for Distributing Application Components

28.l.4 linking C/S Software Components

28.l.5 Middfeware and Obiect Request Broker

28.2 SOFTWARE ENGlNEERlNG FOR C/S SYSTEMS

28.3 ANALYSlS MODEUNG iSSUES

28.4 DESlGN FOR C/S SYSTEMS

28.4. l Conventional Design Approaches

28.4.2 Databose Design

28.4.3 An Overview of a Design Approach

28.4.4 Process Design iteration

28.5 TESTlNG iSSUES

28.5.1 Overall C/S Testing Strategy

28.5.2 C/S Testing Tactics

28.6 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS AND POlNTS TO PONDER

FURTHER READlNGS AND OTHER INFORMATlON SOURCES

CHAPTER 29 COMPUTER-AlDED SOFTWARE ENGlNEERlNG

29.1 WHATlSCASE?

29.2 BUlLDlNG BLOCKS FOR CASE

29.3 A TAXONOMY OF CASE TOOLS

29.4 INTEGRATED CASE ENVlRONMENTS

29.5 THE INTEGRATlON ARCHlTECTURE

29.6 THE CASE REPOSlTORY

29.6.l The Roe of the Repository in l-CASE

29.6.2 Features and Content

29.7 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

PROBlEMS AND POlNTS TO PONDER

FURTHER READlNGS AND OTHER INFORMATlON SOURCES

CHAPTER 30 THE ROAD AHEAD

30.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF SOFTWARE-REVlSlTED

30.2 THE SCOPE OF CHANGE

30.3 PEOPLE AND THE WAY THEY BUlLD SYSTEMS

30.4 THE "NEW" SOFTWARE PROCESS

30.5 NEW MODES FOR REPRESENTlNG INFORMATlON

30.6 TECHNOLOGY AS A DRlVER

30.7 A CONCLUDlNG COMMENT

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS AND POlNTS TO PONDER

FURTHER READlNGS AND OTHER INFORMATlON SOURCES

作者简介

软件工程实践者的研究方法（英文第4版），ISBN：9787111067115，作者：（美）普莱斯曼著

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