英汉翻译理论与技巧

章节摘录

　　Nowadays, translation is not only an academic and intellectual activity of scholars but also a commercialized industry. The form of translation has been diversified and translation activity has been closely integrated with many other walks of life because of rapid economic and social development.　　With Chinas entry into the WTO, a new peak of translation has already occurred. Translation has been increasingly industrialized and commercialized around the world. According to the survey conducted by ABI （Allied Business Intelligence Inc.）, there are 14 thousand professional translators and 25.2 thousand part-time translators. A great number of multinational translation companies such as Lemout & Hauspie （L&H） in Belgium, Interverbum in Sweden and Star in Germany have been created.

前言

　　在国际上，现代翻译学究竟产生于什么时间，还没有定论。比较典型的说法有如下几种：1.谭载喜在1995年第3期《外国语》上发表的“中西现代翻译学概评”一文中谈到，据德国翻译理论家维尔斯所说，现代翻译学的起源，可追溯到（20世纪）40年代美国翻译理论家奈达发表的《论圣经翻译的原则和程序》。奈达在这部著作中，运用现代语言学手段，首次较为系统地对翻译的过程加以阐述，后又明确提出翻译是科学的主张，因此被西方学者尊为现代翻译科学的开山鼻祖；2．以“翻译学”或“翻译科学”二词的首次使用为标志，一种说法是，“以J．霍姆斯首先使用‘翻译学’一词算起，则翻译学始于70年代初”①，另一说认为，“英语的translatology是1971年Roger Coffin在Meta上用法语发表的文章中提出的，之后大家就用了这个词。”②3.“如果以它在西方高等院校成为一门独立的学科，或以美国‘当代语言学会’（MLA）把它列为单独的研究领域为依据，则翻译学始于80年代初。”③笔者赞成以translatology一词的出现为标志，即现代翻译学创始于（20世纪）70年代初。

书籍目录

Chapter 1Introduction to Translation1  1.1 About Translation1    1.1.1 Translation as an Industry1    1.1.2 Translation as a Profession2    1.1.3 Translation as a Major2    1.1.4 Translation as a Course2  1.2 Nature and Definition of Translation3    1.2.1 Difficulty in Defining Translation3    1.2.2 Nature of Translation3    1.2.3 Definition of Translation5  1.3 Translators’ Competence7    1.3.1 A Sense of Responsibility7    1.3.2 Bilingual Competence7    1.3.3 Bicultural Competence7    1.3.4 Encyclopedic Knowledge8  Exercises9Chapter 2A Brief History of Translation14  2.1 About Translation History14  2.2 A Chinese History of Translation15    2.2.1 Three Climaxes of Translation in China15    2.2.2 Translation from 1949 to the Present18  2.3 A Western History of Translation19    2.3.1 An Overview of Western Translation19    2.3.2 Six Climaxes of Western Translation19  Exercises21Chapter 3Translation Criteria24  3.1 Translation Criteria of China24    3.1.1 Early Criteria25    3.1.2 Present Criteria28  3.2 Translation Criteria of Western Scholars29  Exercises33Chapter 4The Process of Translation38  4.1 Description of Translation Process38  4.2 The Fourphase Process in Translating39  4.3 The Basic Process of Translation39    4.3.1 Accurate Comprehension39    4.3.2 Adequate Representation45    4.3.3 Revision46  Exercises47Chapter 5Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese51  5.1 Contrastive Analysis of the Words and Phrases 51  5.2 Contrastive Analysis of the Sentences 53    5.2.1 General Description53    5.2.2 Syntactic Differences between English and Chinese 54  5.3 Contrastive Analysis of the Texts 58    5.3.1 Maintenance of the Original Coherent Structure 58    5.3.2 Modification of the Original Coherent Structure 59    5.3.3 Modulation of the Original Thematic Structure 59  Exercises61Chapter 6Culture and Translation 64  6.1 Towards Culture 64  6.2 Language, Culture and Translation 65  6.3 The Cultural Turn in Translation Studies and Translation Turn in Cultural Studies 66  6.4 Cultural Comparison in Translation 67    6.4.1 Cultural Universals 67    6.4.2 Cultural Disparities 68    6.5 Domestication and Foreignization 70  Exercises75Chapter 7The Unit of Translation 80  7.1 Introduction 80  7.2 Translation at Different Levels 81    7.2.1 Translation at Phonological Level 81    7.2.2 Translation at Morphological Level 82    7.2.3 Translation at Word Level 82    7.2.4 Translation at Phrase Level 82    7.2.5 Translation at Sentence Level 83    7.2.6 Translation at Discourse Level 83  7.3 Discourse Analysis84    7.3.1 Cohesion 85    7.3.2 Coherence 87    7.3.3 Summary 88  Exercises89Chapter 8Translation of Words92  8.1 The Correspondence between Words 93    8.1.1 Wordforword Correspondence 93    8.1.2 One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning 93    8.1.3 One Word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings 93    8.1.4 Words without Equivalents 94  8.2 Some Strategies Used in EC Translation 95  8.2.1 Conversion 95    8.2.2 Amplification 97    8.2.3 Repetition 98    8.2.4 Omission 98    8.2.5 Extending the Meaning of Words99    8.2.6 Transliteration 99    8.2.7 Mutual Transformation of Affirmative and Negative Translation100  8.3 Translation of Idioms 100    8.3.1 Similarity 101    8.3.2 Differences 101  8.4 Translation of Slang 102  8.5 False Friends 103  Exercises104Chapter 9Translation of Sentences108  9.1 Translation at Sentence Level108    9.1.1 General Approaches to Sentence Translation 108    9.1.2 Translating Long Sentences 110    9.1.3 Translating Sentence Groups 112    9.1.4 Interjections and Punctuations 113  9.2 Procedures and Techniques in Translating English Long Sentences 114    9.2.1 The Procedures 114    9.2.2 Six Techniques 115  Exercises119Chapter 10Translation of English for Science and Technology 122  10.1 Lexical Features of EST122    10.1.1 Affixation122    10.1.2 Compounding 122    10.1.3 Blending 123    10.1.4 Acronym 123    10.1.5 Specialization of the Commonly Used Words 123  10.2 Syntactic Features of EST 124    10.2.1 Use of Long and Complicated Sentences 124    10.2.2 Use of the Passive Voice124    10.2.3 Use of Nominalization 125  10.3 Principles of Translation of EST125  10.4 Key Points for the Translation of EST 126  10.5 Case Study127  Exercises129Chapter 11Translation of Legal Documentation 134  11.1 Linguistic Features of Legal Documentation134    11.1.1 Use of Formal Words134    11.1.2 Accurate Expression135    11.1.3 Use of Long Sentences 135  11.2 Case Study136  Exercises138Chapter 12Translation of Trademarks 141  12.1 Main Functions of the Trademark 141  12.2 Features of a Good Trademark141  12.3 Principles of Translation of Trademarks 142    12.3.1 Reflection of the Basic Function of the Trademark 142    12.3.2 Easy to be Understood and Accepted by Costumers 142    12.3.3 In Conformity with the Law 143  12.4 Skills of Translation of Trademarks 143    12.4.1 Transliteration 143    12.4.2 Semantic Translation143    12.4.3 Combination of Transliteration and Semantic Translation144    12.4.4 Nontranslation or Parttranslation 144  Exercises145Chapter 13Translation of News Reports147  13.1 The Three Parts of the News Report 147  13.2 The Linguistic Features of the Headline 147    13.2.1 Grammatical Features 148    13.2.2 Lexical Features148  13.3 Linguistic Features of the Lead and the Body of the Text149    13.3.1 Concrete and Exact 149    13.3.2 Accurate149    13.3.3 Concise149    13.3.4 Easy to be Understood 149    13.3.5 Vivid 150  13.4 Case Study 150  Exercises153Keys to Translation Exercises158

作者简介

《英汉翻译理论与技巧》适于英语语言文学、翻译等专业本科生使用，它既对翻译的定义、历史、标准、过程等理论方面结合学者们的研究进行了讨论，又从英汉对比、文化与翻译、翻译单位、词汇翻译、句子翻译、篇章翻译等不同的角度或层面进行了论述，同时还结合各种文体、题材对形形色色的适用技巧作了介绍，每章都有丰富的句段练习，书末附参考译文，目的是让学生在对翻译有较为全面认识的前提下通过进行大量的具有针对性的实践，提高实际翻译能力。

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