财务会计学

书籍目录

Brief Contents

Part l Flnanclal Reportlng and the Accountlng Cycle

1 Accounting Information: Users and Uses

2 Financial Statements: An Overview

3 Transactions and the Accounting Cycle

4 Completing the Accounting Cycle

Appendix A: Using a Work Shee

Appendix B: Special Journals

5 The Integrity of Financial Information

Part 2 Operatlng Actlvltles

6 Selling a Product or Service

7 Purchasing Inventory for Resale

8 Completing the Operating Cycle

Part 3 Investlng and Flnanclng Actlvltles

9 Investments in Property, Plant, and Equipment; Intangible

Assets; and Natural Resources

lO Long-Term Debt Financing

l l Equity Financing

l 2 Investments in Deb and Equity Securities

Part 4 Other Dlmenslons of Flnanclal Reportlng

l 3 The Statement ofCash Flows

14 Financial Reporting and Analysis

Appendlx: PepslCo, Inc. 3.993 Annual Report

Glossary

Index

Check Figures

PARTl

FINANCIAL REPORTING AND

THE ACCOUNTING CYCLE

1 Accountlng Information: Users and Uses

The Purpose of Accounting

The Relationship of Accounting to Busines

Users ofAccounting Information

The Environment of Accounting

The Signiflcance and Dwelopment ofGAAP

Intemational Business

Ethics in Accounting

Career Opportunities in Accounting

Public Accounting

Industry

Government and Uther Nonprofit Organization

Educational Preparation

2 Flnanclal Statements: An Overvlew

Fundamental Concepts and Assumptions Underlying

Financial Accounting

The Separate Entity Concept

The Assumption of Arm's-Length Transactians

The Cost Principle

The Monetaiy Measurent Concept

The Going Concern Assumption

Double-Entry Accounting

Primary Financial Statements

The Balance Sheet

The Income Statement

The Sfatement ofCash Flows

Relaoonships Among Financial Statement Items

How the Financial Statements Tie Together

Notes to Financial Statements

The A.udit Report

3 Transactlons and the Accountlng Cycle

The Process ofTransforming Transaction Data into

Useful Accounting Information

The Basic Accounting Equation

Using Accounts to Categorize Transactiow

Expanding the Accounting Equation to Include Revenues

Expenses, and Dividends

The First Four Steps in the Accounting Cycle

Step 1. Analyze Transactions andBusiness Documents

Slep 2. Joumalize Transactions

Step 3. PostJoumal Entries to Accoums

Step 4. Determine Account Balances and Prepare a Trial

Balance

Where Do Computers Fit in All This?

Illustration ofthe First Pour Steps in the Accounting

Cycle

4 Completing the Accountlng Cycle

Additional Characteristics ofthe Accounting

Model

Periodic Reporting

Accrual Accounting

Accrual- Versus Cash-Basis Accounting

Adjusting Entries (Step 5 ofthe Accounting Cycle)

Vnrecorded Revenues

Vnrecorded Expenses

Prepaid Expenses

Uneamed Revenues

Preparing Financial Statements

The Closing Process

Real and Nominal Accounts

Closing Entries

Closing the Dividends Account

Preparing a Post-Closing Trial Balance

A Summary of the Accounting Cycle

Expi

KlMa

Alternative Approaches for Adjusting Entries

An Altemative Approach to Adjustments for Prepaid

Expmses

An Altemative Approach to Adjustments fm Vneamed

Revenues

Concluding Comment,

Appendix A: Using a Work Sheet

Appendix B: Special Joumals

5 The Integrtty of Flnanclal Informatlon

Types ofErrors in the Financial Reporting Process

Errors in Transactions andJournal Entries

Errors in Accouats and Ledgers

Errors in Trial Balances and Financial Statemwts

Safeguards in the Financial Reporting Process

Intemal Control Structure

Intemal Auditors

Extemal Auditdrs

Securities and Exchange Commission

PART2

OPERATlNG ACTlVlTlES

6 Selllng a Product or Servlce

Major Functions ofa Business

Revenues

Recognizing Revenue w Credit Sale

Some Real- World Examples

Accounting for Receivables .

Accounts Receivable

Assessing How Well Organization Manage Their

Receivables

Expanded Materlal

Credit Card Sales

Notes Receivable

Discounting Nofes Receivable

Estimating Uncollectible Accounts Receivable as a

Percentage ofCredit Sales

Selling or "Factoring" Receivables

7 Purchaslng Inventory for Resale

Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold

The Proper Measurement oflnventory and Cost ofGood

Sold

The Effects oflnventory andCost ofGood Sold

Errors

Other Factors Affecting the Proper Measureimnt oflnven-

tory and Cost ofGoods Sold

Real-World Examples oflnvenlory

The Perpetual Method ofAccounting for Invencory and

Cost of Goods Sold

Purcbose Discounts

Transpwtation Costs

Inventory Cost Flows

Specific Idmttfication Inventory Costing

Assumed Inventory Cost Flows

A Comparison of All Imventory Costing Methods

Taking a Physical Count oflnventory

Closing Entry for Cost ofGwds Sold

Assessing How Well Organizations Manage Their

inventories

Expanded Materfal

The Periodic Inventory Method

Purchase Discounts

Purchase Retums and Allowances

Transportation Costs

Calwlating Cost ofGoods Sold With the Periodi

Method

Periodic Imentory Cost Flow Assumptions

Closing Entriesfor Inventory-Related Accounts Under the

Periodic Inventory Method

A Comparison ofthe Inventory Costing Alternative

Reporting Inventory at Amounts Below Cost

Inventory Valued at Net Realizable Value

Inventory Valued at Lower ofCost or Market

Methods of Estimating Inventories

The Gross Margin Method

The Retail Inventory M.ethod

8 Completing the Operatlng Cycle

Salary Expenses and Liabilities

Taxes on Operations

Sales Taxes

Property Taxes

Income Taxes

Miscellaneous Operating Expenses

Prepaid Expenses

Accrued Expenses

Obligations to Perform Services

Summarizing Operations on an Income Statement

Other Revenues and Expenses

Extraordinary Items

Earnings per Share

Accounting for Cash

Control ofCash

Reconciling the Bank Account

Operating Cycle Ratios

Current Ratio

Acid-Test Ratio

Other Measures ofLiquidity

Some Reat-World Examples

Expanded Material

Accounting for Petty Cash

PART3

iNVESTlNG AND FINANClNG ACTlVlTlES

9 Investments In Property, Plant, and Equlp-

ment; Intanglble Assets; and Natural Re-

sources

Nature ofOperating Assets

Accounting for Property, Plant, and Equipment

Acquisitions ofProperty, Plant, and Eqmpment

Some Real-World Examples

Allocating the Cost of Plant and Equipment to

Expense

Repairing and Improving Plant and Equipment

Disposal ofProperty, Plant, and Equipment

Discarding Prtiperty, Plant, and Equipmmt

Selling Property, Plant, and Equipment

Accounting for Intangible Assets

Patents

Pranchises and License

Goodwill

Accounting for Natural Resources

Expanded Materlal

Accelerated Depreciation Methods

Declining-Balance Method of Depreciation

Sum-of-the-Years'-Digits Method of Depreciation

A Comparison of Depredation Methods

Changes in Depreciation Estimates

Exchanging Property, Plant, and Equipment

Gain On the Exchange ofSimilar Operating Assets

Loss on the Exchange ofSimilar Operating Assets

Exchanges ofDissimilar Assets

lO Long-Term Debt Financlng

Measuring Long-Term Liabilities

Present Value and Puture Value Concept

The Present Value ofan Annuity

Accounting for Long-Term Liabilities

Interest-Bearing Notes

Mortgage Payable

Lease Obligations

The Nature of Bonds

Types ofBonds

Characteristics ofBonds

Determining a Bond's Issuance Price

Accountingfor Bonds Payable Issued at Face Value

Bond Retirements at Maturity

Bond Retirements Before Maturity

Other Long-Term Liabilities

Deferred Income Taxes

Pension Liabilities

Expanded Materlal

-Bonds Issued at a Discount or at a Premium

Accounting for Bonds Issued at a Discount

Accounttng for Bonds Issued at a Premium

Effective-lnterut Amwttzation

Bonds Issued Between Interest Dates

11 Equlty Flnanclng

Corporations and Corporate Stock

Characteristics of a Corporation

The Stock of a Corpwation

Accounting for Stock

Issuance ofPar-Value Stock and No-Par Stock with

Stated Value

Issuance ofNo-Par Stock Without a Stated Vaiue

Accounting for Treasury Stock

Reporting Stock on the Balance Sheet

Some Real-World Examples

Using Equity and Debt Financing Ratios to Assess the

Liquidity ofa Company

Distributions to Stockholders

Types ofDividends

Accounting for Cash Dividends

Accounting for Retained Earnings

Statement ofStockholders' Equity

Expanded Materlal

Accounting for Stock Dividends

Stock Splits

Prior-Period Adjustments

The Statement ofRetained Earnings

Characteristics Shared by Proprietorships and

Partnerships

Ease of Formation

Limited Life

Unlimited Liabilily

Characteristics Unique to Partnerships

Mutual Agency

Co-Ownership of Partnershtp Properly

Sharing of Partnership Profits

Proprietorship and Partnership Accounting

Accounting for Equity Financing in a Proprietorship

Accounting for Equity Pinancing in a Partnership

Porming a Partnershtp

Partners' Drawing Accounts

The Statement ofPartners' Capital

12 Investments in Debt and Equlty

Securltles 507

Why Companies Invest in Other Companies

Classifying a Security

Held-to-Maturity Securities

Equity Method Securities

Trading and Availdble-for-Sale Securitie

Why the Different Classifications?

Accounting for Trading and Available-for-Sale

Securities

Accounting for the Purchase of Securities

Accounting for the Retum Earned on an Inveslment

Accounting for the Sale ofSecurties

Accounting for Changes in the Value of Securities

Changes in the Value ofTrading Securities

Changes in the Value of Available-for-Sale Securitie

Subsequent Changes in Value

Expanded Material

Accounting for Held-to-Maturity Securities

Accounting for the Initial Purchase

Accounting for Bonds Purchased Betwew Interest Dates

Accountingfor the Amortization ofBond Discount and

Premiums

Accountingfm the Sale or Maturity ofBond Investment

Accounting for Equity Investments Using the Equity

Method

Illustrating the Equity Method

PART4

OTHER DlMENSlONS OF FlNANClAL

REPORTlNG

13 The Statement of Cash Flows

Purposes ofa Statement ofCash Flows

Information Reported in the Statement

ofCash Flows

Major Classifications ofCash Flows

Noncasb Investing and Financing Activities

The Direct and Indirect Methods of Reporting

Operating Cash Flows

The Indirect Method

The Direct Method .

Comparing the Direct and Indirect Methods

Recommendation ofFASB Statement No. 95

Usefulness ofCash Flow Statements

Historical Perspective

Importance ofCash Plow Analysis

Expanded Material

Preparing a Statement ofCash Flows

The Indinxt Method lllustrated

The Direct Method lllustrated

14 Flnanclal Reportlng and Analysls

Reasons for Financial Statement Analysis

Imestment and Credit Decisiow

Managerial Decisions

Regulatory Decisions

Overview of Financial Statement Analysis

Some Basic Techniques

Key Relationships

Operating Performance

income Statement Vertical Analysis

Income Statement Horizontal Analysis

Asset Turnover

Balance Sheet Vertical Analysis

Balance Sheet Horizsntal Analysis

Balance Sheet Ratto Analysis

Debt-Equity Management

Return on Stockholders' Equity

Eamings per Share

Price-Eamings Ratio

Using the Statement ofCash Flows as an

Analysis Tool

Limitations of Financial Statement Analysis

Use ofEstimates

Changes in Values and Price Levels

Ratios as a Basisfor Comparison

Expanded Material

Additional Ratios to Measure Asset Tumover

Debt-Equity Management, and Return on

Stockholders' Equity

Working Capital Tumover

Property, Plant, andEquipment Turnover

Debf-Equity Management

Dividead Payout Ratio

BookValueperShan

Retum on Total Assets

Appendlx: PepslCo, Inc. 1993 Annual Report

Glossary

Index

CheckFlgures

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