獨立宣言

出版社:臉譜
出版日期:20010710
ISBN:9789574694587
作者:湯瑪斯‧傑佛遜
页数:104 頁页

内容概要

作者簡介：湯瑪斯‧傑佛遜（1743~1826）

生於美國維吉尼亞州，1762年畢業於威廉與瑪麗學院，1767年取得律師資格。

傑佛遜1769年進入殖民地議會，成為反英領袖之一。1774年的小冊子《英屬北美權利概要》（A Summary View of the Rights of British America）為傑佛遜重要的作品，指出英國國會無權為殖民地制訂法律。1775年他隨維吉尼亞代表團出席在費城舉行的第二次大陸會議，1776年起草《獨立宣言》而永垂不朽。

傑佛遜曾任國會議員、維吉尼亞州州長、駐法國大使、國務卿等職，1800年當選美國第三任總統，連任至1808年，卸任後創建了維吉尼亞大學。

作者简介

1776年7月4日，十一個北美洲的英國殖民地代表，在費城現時的獨立廳開會，投票通過了湯瑪斯‧傑佛遜所撰寫的《獨立宣言》，宣布脫離英國的統治，闡揚人類生而自由平等的權利，美國於焉誕生。

本書譯者唐諾以獨特的眼光看待這份宣揚歐陸天賦人權說法、控訴英王暴政的文獻，檢視在人類歷史中「人生而平等」這樣的論調究竟是否正確，以及《獨立宣言》背後哀傷的本質。

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民主，人权之意识的觉醒，民国时期，感悟的国人太少，现在，缺少感悟，也不敢感悟。之于我天朝，需和谐。而这正是有才或有财之人舍国民身份之所在。当不以自己为国人为豪时，国危已！
托马斯·杰斐逊(Thomas Jefferson，1743年4月13日-1826年7月4日)，美利坚合众国第三任总统(1801年─1809年)。同时也是《美国独立宣言》主要起草人，及美国开国元勋中最具影响力者之一。他创立并领导民主共和党（Democratic-Republican Party），成为今日民主党之前身，统治美国政治达四分之一世纪。杰斐逊曾为第二任维吉尼亚州州长（1779年─1781年）、第一任美国国务卿（1789年─1793年）、与第二任美国副总统（1797年─1801年）。除了政治事业外，杰斐逊同时也是农业学、园艺学、建筑学、词源学、考古学、数学、密码学、测量学、与古生物学等学科的专家；又身兼作家、律师、与小提琴手；也是弗吉尼亚大学之创办者。许多人认为他是历任美国总统中，智慧最高者。他从法国手中购买路易斯安那州，使美国领土近乎增加了一倍。杰斐逊是美国历史上屈指可数的伟大的思想家，他所创造出来的博大精深的民主思想体系带有浓厚的人文主义色彩。他是18世纪启蒙思想在美国的主要代表人物之一，他反对一切压迫，仇视君主制和贵族特权。他最反对暴政，为防止暴政的出现，他设计出周密完善的机制，并且把普及教育和发展教育看作是防止民主蜕化为暴政的最重要的手段。他最珍视自由，他把自由列为神圣不可侵犯的自然权利之一；他特别强调思想自由，反对任何钳制，束缚思想自由的东西，不管它是教会还是政府。他对于人民有深厚的感情，主张消灭贫困，反对社会不平等。他重视人的尊严，重视人的价值；在他看来，人的生命安全，人的自由及人的幸福是目的，财产不过是手段，甚至政府也是手段。他说：“关怀人的生命安全及幸福，而不是破坏他们，应该是一个良好的政府的首要的、唯一的正当的目的。”他所谓幸福，不但包括物质生活的丰富舒适，而且也包括高尚雅致的健康的精神生活。他反对自私自利、尔虞我诈、互相残害的人际关系，他渴望看到的是一个重情谊、互相爱护的富有人情味的人际关系。杰斐逊的民主主义是人文主义的民主主义，他的思想带有明显的“非资本主义”倾向。杰斐逊不但是一位杰出的思想家，而且也是一位杰出的政治家，作为人民的公仆，作为国家领导人，他表现出许多高贵的品质。无论是当州长也好，当总统也好，他都没有个人荣耀感，没有权力欲，更没有想利用职权地位谋求私利，他只是感到个人责任加重了。如何克尽职责，如何为人民谋福利，如何维护民主，是他优先考虑的问题，也是他努力的方向。他虽然是一位学者、思想家，一旦从政，他就把全部精力投入实际工作中去，扎扎实实地从事具体工作，真正做到夙兴夜寐、宵衣旰食。他反对摆官架子，反对讲排场。在任总统期间，他提倡平民作风，把前任总统的各种各种君主制残余一扫而光。他以平等的态度待一切人，在内阁里面，他从不以长官自居，从不独断专行。
历史总是惊人的相似在有关人类事务的发展过程中，当一个民族必须解除其和另一个民族之间的政治联系，并在世界各国之间依照自然法则和自然神明取得独立和平等的地位时，出于对人类公意的尊重，必须宣布他们不得不独立的原因。我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：造物者创造了平等的个人，并赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力则来自被统治者的同意。任何形式的政府只要破坏上述目的，人民就有权利改变或废除它，并建立新政府；新政府赖以奠基的原则，得以组织权力的方式，都要最大可能地增进民众的安全和幸福。的确，从慎重考虑，不应当由于轻微和短暂的原因而改变成立多年的政府。过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意废除他们久已习惯了的政府来恢复自身的权益。但是，当政府一贯滥用职权、强取豪夺，一成不变地追逐这一目标，足以证明它旨在把人民置于绝对专制统治之下时，那么，人民就有权利也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障——这就是这些殖民地过去逆来顺受的情况，也是它们现在不得不改变以前政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠国王的历史是一再损人利己和强取豪夺的历史，所有这些暴行的直接目的，就是想在这些邦建立一种绝对的暴政。为了证明所言属实，现把下列事实向公正的世界宣布：他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必要的法律。他禁止他的总督们批准急需和至关重要的法律，要不就把这些法律搁置起来等待他的同意；一旦这些法律被搁置起来，他就完全置之不理。他拒绝批准允许将广大地区供民众垦殖的其他法律，除非那些人民情愿放弃自己在立法机关中的代表权，但这种权利对他们有无法估量的价值。只有暴君才畏惧这种权利。他把各地立法机构召集到既不方便、也不舒适且远离公文档案保存地的地方去开会，其唯一的目的是使他们疲于奔命，顺从他的意旨。他一再解散各殖民地的议会，因为它们坚定果敢地反对他侵犯人民的各项权利。在解散各殖民地议会后，他又长时间拒绝另选新议会。但立法权是无法被取消的，因此这项权力已经回到广大人民手中并由他们来行使。其时各邦仍然险象环生，外有侵略之患，内有动乱之忧。他竭力抑制各殖民地增加人口，为此，他阻挠《外国人归化法律》的通过，拒绝批准其他鼓励外国人移居各邦的法律，并提高分配新土地的条件。他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律，借以阻挠司法公正。他控制了法官的任期、薪金数额和支付，从而让法官完全从属于他个人的意志。他建立多种新的衙门，派遣蝗虫般多的官员骚扰我们人民，并蚕食民脂民膏。在和平时期，未经我们立法机关的同意，他就在我们中间驻扎常备军。他使军队独立于民政权力之外，并凌驾于民政权力之上。他同一些人勾结，把我们置于一种与我们的体制格格不入且不为我们的法律认可的管辖之下。他还批准这些人炮制的假冒法案，来到达下述目的：在我们这里驻扎大批武装部队；用假审讯来包庇他们，使那些杀害我们各邦居民的谋杀者逍遥法外；切断我们同世界各地的贸易；未经我们同意便向我们强行征税；在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审团的权益；编造罪名把我们递解到海外去受审；在一个邻近地区废除英国法律的自由制度，在那里建立专横政府，并扩大它的疆界，企图使之迅即成为一个样板和得心应手的工具，以便向这里的各殖民地推行同样的专制统治；取消我们的特许状，废除我们最宝贵的法律，并且从根本上改变了我们的政府形式；中止我们自己的立法机构，宣称他们自己在任何情况下都有权为我们立法。他宣布我们已不在他的保护之下，并向我们开战，从而放弃了这里的政权。他在我们的海域大肆掠夺，蹂躏我们的海岸，焚烧我们的市镇，残害我们人民的生命。此时他正在运送大批外国佣兵来完成屠杀、破坏和肆虐的勾当，这种勾当早就开始，其残酷卑劣甚至在最野蛮的时代也难出其右。他完全不配做一个文明国家的元首。他强迫在公海被他俘虏的我们公民同胞充军，反对自己的国家，成为残杀自己朋友和亲人的创子手，或是死于自己朋友和亲人的手下。他在我们中间煽动内乱，并且竭力挑唆那些残酷无情的印第安人来杀掠我们边疆的居民。众所周知，印第安人的作战方式是不分男女老幼，一律格杀勿论。在这些压迫的每一阶段中，我们都曾用最谦卑的言辞请求救济，但我们一再的请愿求所得到的答复却是一再的伤害。这样一个君主，在其品格已打上了可以看作是暴君行为的烙印时，便不配做自由人民的统治者。我们不是没有顾念我们英国的弟兄。我们一再警告过他们，他们的立法机关企图把无理的管辖权横加到我们的头上。我们也提醒过他们，我们移民并定居来这里的状况。我们曾经呼唤他们天生的正义感和侠肝义胆，我们恳切陈词，请他们念在同文同种的份上，弃绝这些必然会破坏我们彼此关系和往来的无理掠夺。对于这种来自正义和基于血缘的呼声，他们却也同样置若罔闻。迫不得已，我们不得不宣布和他们分离。我们会以对待其他民族一样的态度对待他们：战时是仇敌，平时是朋友。因此，我们，集合在大陆会议下的美利坚联合邦的代表，为我们各项正当意图，吁请全世界最崇高的正义：以各殖民地善良人民的名义并经他们授权，我们极为庄严地宣布，这些联合一致的殖民地从此成为而且是名正言顺地成为自由和独立的国家；它们解除效忠英国王室的一切义务，它们和大不列颠国家之间的一切政治关系从此全部断绝，而且必须断绝；作为自由独立的国家，它们完全有权宣战、媾和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家理应采取和处理的一切行动和事宜。为了强化这篇宣言，我们怀着深信神明保佑的信念，谨以我们的生命、财富和神圣的荣誉，相互保证，共同宣誓。 ------------------------------------------ 美国《独立宣言》英文原文　　THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE　　July 4, 1776 　　In Congress, July 4, 1776, 　　THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 　　When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 　　We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. 　　That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. 　　That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to the m shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Des potism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. 　　Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. 　　He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. 　　He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 　　He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. 　　He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 　　He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. 　　He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. 　　He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . 　　He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers. 　　He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 　　He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance. 　　He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. 　　He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. 　　He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: 　　For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 　　For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: 　　For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: 　　For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: 　　For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: 　　For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: 　　For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies: 　　For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: 　　For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 　　He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. 　　He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people. 　　He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the H ead of a civilized nation. 　　He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. 　　He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. 　　In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 　　Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and sett lement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf t o the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. 　　We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Bri tain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. An d for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor. JOHN HANCOCK, President Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON Massachusetts-Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY Rhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT Georgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO. WALTON Maryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON Virginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON. New York: WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS Pennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS Delaware: CAESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M’KEAN North Carolina: WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN South Carolina: EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, JR., THOMAS LYNCH, JR., ARTHUR MIDDLETON New Jersey: RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINS, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK ------------------------------------ Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN).

精彩短评 (总计22条)

普世价值
宣言感觉一般。只是起义成功了。
July 4, 1776
完全背诵下来也不为过呢
自由的呐喊，民主的呼声，不屈的意志，在上面签字的人都是英雄，可惜这种行为在天朝必然河蟹到底，party 拳头硬，心也硬。
我们要以黑社会的形式经营无产阶级的利益，以黑手党的多样性来确保阶级利益的良性发展，既不能黑吃黑成垄断集团，也不能平均主义地进行分散。要确保组织内每个个体都具备改造自身革命性，武装度，战斗力的基本素养，以战斗民族的形式和平崛起，让资本主义军国主义自卑地自行瓦解。
we hold these truths to be self-evdient,that all men are created equal
American dream, tenet. Life,Liberty.and pursuit of happiness.
中英文对照着读比较合适
有些书放在一起读更能深刻地提示彼此的本质，比如《独立宣言》和《共产党宣言》。
事情都不是我们被告知的那样。也不是我们以为的那样。
人人生而平等
托马斯杰夫逊我给你打五星期末考求保佑哟！
宪政力量好于党政，且更符合人性，人权
早些时，了解美国建国史时读过。
每次读都忍不住要笑出声来，这哪是一个国家要宣布独立啊，分明就是孩子长大了受不了家长的专制要出去单过的“抱怨”嘛。哈哈，太可爱了。。。
记得第一次在图书馆读到开篇内心被深深地震撼的场景人人生而平等
没事的时候我居然把这个给读了
你可以拯救谁你又拯救了谁
当政府一贯滥用职权、强取豪夺，一成不变地追逐这一目标，足以证明它旨在把人民置于绝对专制统治之下时，那么，人民就有权利也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障
一个伟大国度的诞生
不说了这个还用说？

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