内分泌系统

章节摘录

版权页：插图：separate from the catalytic subunits. This physical separa-tion causes activation of the two catalytic subunits whichthen phosphorylate serine and threonine residues onspecific cellular proteins. When the bound cAMP dissoci-ates from the binding sites on the regulatory subunits thekinase reassembles itself and the catalytic activity stops.   Phosphorylation of these cellular proteins, usuallyenzymes, causes either activation or deactivation of theenzyme. This is reversed by the action of cellular phos-phatases, which dephosphorylate the protein, returningthe cellular activity to its basal state. An example of a cel-lular protein which is activated in response to phosphor-ylation by protein kinase A is cholesterol ester hydrolase（a hormone-sensitive lipase）, which acts to liberate cho-lesterol in steroidogenic cells in preparation for steroidbiosynthesis.Receptor desensitization and downregulation:GPKs and beta arrestin 'When a hormone binds to a G-protein coupled recep-tor the receptor is usually quickly de-sensitized andeventually internalized within the cell for subsequentbreakdown or recycling. The first step of this processinvolves two families of intracellular proteins which,like the G-proteins, are able to interact with all membersof this receptor family. These are the beta arrestins andthe G-protein coupled receptor kinases （GPK） （Fig. 2.9）.Hormone binding to a receptor causes interaction of thereceptor with G-proteins as we have seen above. It alsoattracts an enzyme of the GPK family which phosphory-lates the receptor. The phosphorylated receptor has alower binding affinity for the hormone but also attractsbeta arrestin binding, which physically blocks interactionof the receptor with G-proteins and so prevents furthersignalling through second messengers.   The desensitized receptors then move through theplasma membrane to accumulate in clathrin-coatedpits （specialized areas of the cell membrane involved inendocytosis） which become internalized within the cell.

内容概要

编者：（英国）汉森（Joy Hinson） （英国）Peter Raven （英国）Shern Chew

书籍目录

1  INTRODUCTION 1  What is endocrinology? 2  What do hormones do? 2  Types of hormone: their synthesis and secretion 4  The transport and metabolism of hormones 7  Important concepts in endocrine regulation 8  Endocrine disorders 10  Endocrine investigations: general principles 122  RECEPTORS AND HORMONE ACTION 15  Introduction 16  General characteristics of receptors 16  Types of hormone receptors 17  Cell-membrane receptors 17  Hormonal regulation of transcription 23  Intracellular receptors 24  Disorders of receptor function 263  THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY PART I: THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY 27  Introduction 28  Where can I find the hypothalamus and pituitary? 28  Connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary 31  Development of the hypothalamus and pituitary 31  The hormones of the hypothalamus 31  The hormones of the posterior pituitary 32  Release of posterior pituitary hormones is part of a neuroendocrine reflex: oxytocin secretion and actions 32  Regulation of vasopressin secretion 33  Actions of arginine vasopressin 34  Disorders of vasopressin secretion and action 35  Thirst 36  Other hypothalamic hormones 374  THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY PART II: THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY 39  Introduction 40  Structure of the anterior pituitary 40  The hormones of the anterior pituitary 41  Regulation of hormone secretion in the anterior pituitary 43  Growth hormone and prolactin in blood 46  Actions of the anterior pituitary hormones growth:  hormone and prolactin 46  Disorders of anterior pituitary function:  over-secretion 48  Disorders of under-secretion of anterior pituitary  hormones 49  Tests for hypopituitarism 50  Insufficient growth hormone secretion 505  THE ADRENAL GLANDS PART I: THE ADRENAL MEDULLA 53  Introduction 54  Where to find the adrenal glands 54  Blood supply 54  Nerve supply 55  Embryology of the adrenal gland 55  The adrenal medulla 55  Disorders of the adrenal medulla: phaeochromocytorna 59  Familial phaeochromocytoma 59  Pharmacological uses of hormones of the adrenal medulla 606  THE ADRENAL GLANDS PART II: THE ADRENAL CORTEX 61  Introduction 62  Structure of the adrenal cortex 62  Hormones produced by the adrenal  cortex 62  Regulation of steroid production 66  Transport of steroid hormones in blood 68  Disorders of adrenal steroids 71  Pharmacological use of glucocorticoids 737  THE THYROID GLAND 75  Introduction 76  Thyroid anatomy 77  What is a goitre? 77  Blood supply 77  Structure of the thyroid 78  Synthesis of thyroid hormones 78  Iodine 79  Thyroxine and T3: the thyroid hormones in blood 79  Control of thyroid function 81  Cellular action of thyroid hormones 82  Effects of thyroid hormones 82  Disorders of thyroid hormone secretion 83  Causes of thyroid hyposecretion 85  Effects of thyroid hormone insufficiency: myxoedema 858  HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION PART I: MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 87  Introduction 88  Where are the testes? 88  What are the testes? 89  Testicular blood and nerve supply 90  Spermatogenesis 91  Androgen production 91  Hormonal control of testicular function 91  Transport of testosterone in blood 93  Actions of testosterone 93  Hormone-dependent cancer in men 95  Disorders of male reproduction 96  Therapeutic uses of androgens 97  Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids 97  Declining sperm counts 989  HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION PART II: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 99  Introduction 100  Structure of the ovary 100  Ovarian hormones 100  Transport and metabolism of oestrogen and  progesterone 102  Oestrogens 102  Androgen secretion by,the ovaries 104  Hormonal regulation of ovarian function 105  Hormone-dependent cancer in women 105  The menstrual cycle 105  Disorders of the menstrual cycle 108  The endocrinology of pregnancy 11010  HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION PART III: DEVELOPMENT AND FERTILITY 115  Introduction 116  Gender determination and differentiation 116  Hormonal control of sexual differentiation 116  Abnormalities of sexual differentiation 117  Hormones during development: puberty and menarche 118  Disorders of puberty 119  Menopause and the climacteric 121  Premature ovarian failure 122  Symptoms of the menopause 122  Hormone replacement therapy 123  Alternative therapies 125  Hormonal control of fertility: contraception 125  Hormonal control of fertility: assisted conception 12611  INSULIN AND THE REGULATION OF PLASMA GLUCOSE 129  Introduction 130  Glucose in urine 130  Insulin and the response to high blood glucose  levels 131  Disorders of blood glucose regulation: diabetes  mellitus 135  Gestational diabetes 143  The metabolic syndrome--a growing problem? 14312  HORMONAL REGULATION OF PLASMA CALCIUM AND CALCIUM METABOLISM 147  Introduction 148  Serum calcium 148  The structure, functions and endocrinology of bone 149  Hormones involved in the regulation of serum  calcium 151  Parathyroid hormone 151  Calcitriol: source and activation of vitamin D 153  Effects of other hormones on plasma calcium 156  Disorders of hypercalcaemia 156  Disorders of hypocalcaemia 157  Diseases of bone 158  A brief mention of calcitonin 159  Regulation of serum phosphate 15913  MISCELLANEOUS HORMONES 161  Erythropoietin 162  Immune-endocrine interactions: cytokines and eicosanoids 163  Age-related changes in hormone secretion 164  Melatonin 164  Gut hormones 166  The hormonal control of appetite: fat is an endocrine tissue 167  Multiple organ disorders in endocrinology 168  Regulation of blood pressure and volume 169  The next 100 years of endocrinology 169Glossary 171Index 173

编辑推荐

《内分泌系统(第2版)》：The Systems of the Body series has established itself as a valuable resource for allmedical and other health science students following system-based courses. In thissecond edition all the volumes have been updated to take into account feedback fromreaders of the first edition. Each volume continues to present the core knowledge ofbasic science and clinical conditions that medical students need, offering an integratedview of the system unavailable from standard textbooks. IntroductionReceptors and hormone action、The hypothalamus and pituitary part I: the hypothalamus and posteriorpituitary、The hypothalamus and pituitary part II: the anterior pituitary、The adrenal glands part I: the adrenal medulla、The adrenal glands part II: the adrenal cortex、The thyroid gland、Hormonal control of reproduction part I: male reproductive system、Hormonal control of reproduction part II: female reproductive system、Hormonal control of reproduction part III: development and fertility、Insulin and the regulation of plasma glucose、Hormonal regulation of plasma calcium and calcium metabolism、Miscellaneous hormones.

作者简介

《内分泌系统(第2版)》内容简介：“以器官系统为中心”的医学教学模式是国际医学教育的趋势。本系列书是世界著名医药卫生出版集团爱思唯尔公司出版的一套“以器官系统为中心”的医学基础课程教材。该套教材第1版出版后受到世界各地许多医学院校的欢迎，并被多家进行“以器官系统为中心”教学的医学院校选定为教材。第2版根据第1版出版后教师和学生的反馈意见，结合医学知识的更新进行了全新修订。在编写内容上，该系列教材强调基础与临床的整合。每一章节都是围绕着一个临床病例展开，通过对病人问题的呈现以及解决过程引出对相关知识的探究，从而使与器官系统结构、功能以及疾病相关的重要的基础医学知识得到了完善的整合。在版式安排上，图框中的病例资料与正文中的医学知识完美匹配，一步一步地激起读者的求知欲望。本册为《内分泌系统》。

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