机能实验学

章节摘录

版权页：   插图：   In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, particularly with the appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwannin in 1838. But in that time, doctors based their theories on metaphysical （形而上学） ideology, and personal experience often dictated their clinical decisions. Science-based medicine was largely absent. It was not until French physiologist Claude Bernard （1813- 1878） began to perform a series of rigorous laboratory investigations and animal experi-mentation, that the old medicine had begun to enter scientific modern times. Bernard's most notable discoveries are the role of the pancreas in digestion, and the liver's ability to make sugar. Bernard's masterpiece was his book entitled "An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine", published in 1865. In his book, Bernard argued that progress in medicine could not be achieved without the application of experimental physiology. Therefore, Claude Bernard is acknowledged as the father and founder of experimental medicine. Physiology is the study of normal, healthy bodily function （as opposed to anatomy, which is the study of normal structure）. When something disrupts normal physiologicalprocesses, it enters the realm of pathophysiology. Pathophysiology（病理生理学） is the study of the changes of normal mechanical,physical, and biochemical functions, caused by a disease, or resulted from an abnormal syndrome. More formally, it is the branch of medicine which deals with any disturbances of normal body functions, caused by disease or prodromal （前兆病状） symptoms. There is substantial overlap between "pathology" and "pathophysiology. " Pathology as a general term refers to the causes and consequences of a disease that leads to a specific diagnosis. It can also refer specifically to a tissue diagnosis. Pathophysiology refers more to the actual changes in organ systems that lead to the manifestation of the disease as can be observed as symptoms or measurable organ system changes. Pharmacology（药理学） is the study of how drugs exert their effects on living systems. The two main areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics（药效学）and pharmaco-kinetics（药物代谢动力学）. The former studies the effects of the drugs on biological systems, and the latter the effects of biological systems on the drugs. In broad terms, pharmacodynamics discusses the interactions of chemicals with biological receptors, and phar macokinetics discusses the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals from the biological systems. Pharmacology deals with how drugs interact within biological systems to affect function. Pharmacologists work to identify drug targets in order to learn how drugs work. Pharmacologists also study the ways in which drugs are modified within organisms.

书籍目录

chapter 1. an introduction of functional
　experimentation
chapter 2. basic knowledge and theory
　section 1. biological characteristics and application of commonly
used laboratory animals
　section 2. biological data acquisition systems
　section 3. selection and design principles of medical scientific
research topics
　section 4. medical information retrieval
　section 5. writing methods of scientific papers and lab
reports
　section 6. laboratory safety and rules
chapter 3. basic methods of animal 　experiments
　section 1. animal capture and restraint
　section 2. animal numbering
　section 3. drug administration for laboratory animals
　section 4. anesthesia of laboratory animals
　section 5. unhairing of laboratory animals
　section 6. blood collection of laboratory animals
　section 7. euthanasia methods of laboratory animals
chapter 4. basic techniques in 　experimental animal surgical
operation
　section 1. traditional surgical instruments
　section 2. technique of animal catheterization
　section 3. haemostasis and technique of knots making
　section 4. technique of wound sutures (stitches)and sutures
out
chapter 5. basic 　experiments
　experiment 1. the nature of muscle contraction
　experiment 2. measurement of conduction velocity of action
potential and excitability from neural trunk
　experiment 3. determination of hemoglobin content and red blood
cell osmotic fragihty
　experiment 4. premature contraction and compensatory
pause
　experiment 5. chemicals on the regulation of ex vivo heart
activities
　experiment 6. measurement of human arterial blood
pressure
　experiment 7. recording of human electrocardiogram
　experiment 8. pulmonary function tests
　experiment 9. regulation of respiratory movements
　experiment 10. physiological properties of the isolated
gastrointestinal smooth muscle
　experiment 11. factors that influencing urine
formation
　experiment 12. damage effects of unilateral labyrinth and cochlear
potential induction from guinea pigs
　experiment 13. examination of visual fields and
scotornas
　experiment 14. analysis of reflex arc and the basic features of
the reflex activities
　experiment 15. 　experimental pulmonary edema in
rabbits
　experiment 16. effect of different factors on hypoxic
tolerance
　experiment 17. influence of ph of body fluids on drug
absorption
　experiment 18. one-compartment open model and calculation of the
pharmacokinetic parameters
　experiment 19. two-compartment open model and calculation of the
pharmacokinetic parameters
　experiment 20. determination of medial lethal dose (lds0) of
drug
　experiment 21. the antergic 　experiments of drng-the binding assay
of radio-ligand and receptor
　experiment 22. intoxication and detoxication of
organophosphates
　experiment 23. effects of drugs by different dosage
forms
　experiment 24. effects of drugs by different routes of
administration
　experiment 25. basic effects of drugs
　experiment 26. factors influencing drug effects
　experiment 27. observation of analgesic action of drugs with
writhing method
　experiment 28. anticonvulsant effect of the drug
　experiment 29. effects of drugs on learning and memory of animal
(mice step-down 　experiment. rat shuttle box 　experiment. morris
water maze 　experiment)
　experiment 30. effects of hydrocortisone on mice ear swelling
induced by xylol
　experiment 31. anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone on rat
paw edema
　experiment 32. effects of cardiac glycosides on heart
failure
　experiment 33. antibacterial 　experiment of antibacterial agents
in vitro
　experiment 34. antibacterial 　experiment of antibacterial agents
in vivo
chapter 6. comprehensive 　experiments ( )
　experiment 1. different types of hypoxia
　experiment 2. hyperkalemia in rabbits
　experiment 3. disseminated intravascular coagulation in
rabbit
　experiment 4. disorders of acid-base balance and its 　experimental
therapy in rabbits
　experiment 5. ischemia and reperfusion injury in
intestine
　experiment 6. acute endotoxic shock
　experiment 7. hemorrhagic shock and alterations of
microcirculation in rabbit
　experiment 8. regulation of the cardiovascular system and acute
cardiac failure
　experiment 9. effects of 　experimental pneumothorax on
respiration. circulation and acid-base balance in
rabbits
　experiment 10. acute respiratory distress syndrome and
pharmacotherapy
　experiment 11. hepatic encephalopathy and its
treatment
　experiment 12. determination of endogenous creatinine clearance
rate and excretion fraction of sodium filtration in acute renal
failure
　experiment 13. reproduction of multiple organ dysfunction
syndrome
　experiment 14. the effect of drug and bioactivator on the isolated
tracheal strips of cavy
　experiment 15. determination of the pharmacokinetic parameters of
sulfa drugs in rabbits with renal failure
chapter 7. exploratory 　experiments
chapter 8. case discussion and paper analysis
references
appendix

作者简介

《机能实验学(第2版)(英文版)》主要包括三部分内容，一是较系统地介绍机能学实验基本知识、动物学实验基本技术、科研基本方法以及实验室安全规则等，强调了对实验基本知识和技术方法的掌握；第二部分为生理学、病理生理学和药理学的一些经典实验内容，共由34个实验项目组成，主要用于促进对医学理论知识的理解；第三部分由综合性实验、探索性实验、病例讨论、高水平论文分析等内容组成，主要用于训练和提高学生的综合实验能力和科研素质。《机能实验学(第2版)(英文版)》在形式上以英文为主，对章节段落的标题及少数较难的专业词汇则插入中文注释。本教材涉及大量的医药学基础与临床专业英语词汇，因此除可作为生理学、病理生理学和药理学等实验双语教材外，还可作为各专业学生学习医学专业英语的良好课外读物。

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