英语诗歌教程-诗歌要素与诗歌种类

章节摘录

　　Rhythm refers to any steady pattern of repetition, particularly a regular recurrence ofaccented or unaccented syllables at equal intervals. It is the basis for poetrys musical effect.Depending on how sounds are arranged, the rhythm of a poem may be fast or slow, choppyor smooth. A poet normally uses rhythm to frame pleasurable sound patterns, to construct amood, to create a response suitable to the sense of his words and ideas, and lastly to reinforce hismeaning.Meter is the regular rhythm created by the repetition of similar patterns of accented andunaccented syllables. A fact that needs to be recognized is that frequendy two lines may be of thesame meter, whereas the rhythms of the lines may be different. Meter is the structure but rhythmis the movement, and these two are related to each other. The basic unit of meter is the foot, aunit of measure consisting of stressed and unstressed syllables. A poetic foot includes six kinds:iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, spondaic and pyrrhic.An iambic line is composed primarily of iambs, an unaccented syllable followed by anaccented syllables, as in the word preVENT or conTAIN. Read the following line:The FALLing OUT of FAITHful FRIENDS, reNEWing IS of LOVE（*Capitalization indicates stressed syllables, lower case letters unstressed ones.）A trochaic line is built upon the trochee, an accented syllable followed by an unaccentedsyllable, as in FOOTball or Liquor. Read the following line:GO and WATCH the LITTle CHILDrenAn anapestic line is composed of anapests, which consist of two unaccented syllables followedby an accented syllable as in compreHEND or interVENE. Read the following line:For the MOON never BEAMS without BRINGing me DREAMS.A dactylic line is composed of dactyls, which begins with an accented syllable followed bytwo unaccented syllables as in DANgerous and CHEERfully. Read the following line and noticethe unaccented syllables in small letters:HALF a league, HALF a league, HALF a league, ONwardA spondee is a metrical foot consisting of two long syllables or two strong stresses, givingweight to a line as in SUNSET and BACKYARD. Read the following line:EACH DAY, MEN DIE.A pyrrhic is a metrical foot consisting of two short unaccented syllables varying the rhythm.Read the following line:To a GREEN THOUGHT in a GREEN SHADEMeters are classified by line lengths whose commonly used names are the following:One foot monometertwo feet dimeterthree feet trimeterfour feet tetrameterfive feet pentameter

前言

　　We have long conceived the idea of compiling a poetry textbook in a way different fromother such books in which the materials are arranged chronologically, believing that it issignificant to tell the students what poetry is in terms of poetic types and poetic elements. It isour best wish that we made this textbook sufficient enough for students to know what type apoem belongs to and what principles a certain type of poem follows. Therefore this book is oneof both knowledge about poetry and sample poems.This book is different from other poetry textbooks in the following ways. First, focusis shifted from poets to knowledge about poetry and sample poems. The poetic knowledgeis explained in great detail and simple terms. The book provides students with a systematicexplanation of types, elements and themes of poetry. Second, a comparative approach is adoptedin designing some questions for discussion. Many English poems are studied in a comparativecontext, eliciting students attention to both English poetry and Chinese poetry. Third, thedesign of the questions is bold in the sense that various tasks are assigned: ranging fromanalyzing, reciting, translating to making comments, making comparisons, and even experiencingpoetry-writing.The purpose of this textbook is to give students a whole picture of what poetry is, so poetryis here studied from many perspectives.In the course of compiling this book we referred to many scholars works which are of greathelp. We gradually formed our idea of compiling a poetry textbook in this style after making acomparison of different sorts of textbooks. Here we would like to express our heartfelt thanks toall those who have more or less contributed to this book. Without them, there would hardly beany inspiration in structuring this style.We cordially express our deep gratitude to Professor Hu Zhuanglin, Professor ChertJianping, Professor Shi Jian, Professor Wang Shouren, Professor Wen Qiufang, and otherprofessors whose contributions have made the textbook complete.Of course we can never forget to thank Ms Liu Yuan, Mr Jia Wei, Miss Zhang Xinqiu andHebei Normal University for their encouragement and generous support in publishing this book.Hard as we tried to be perfect, a flawless book seems too good to be true. Any criticalcomments will be sincerely welcome and highly appreciated.

书籍目录

Preface

Part One Introduction

Chapter One Brief Introduction to British and American Poetry

Chapter Two What Is Poetry

Chapter Three How to Read a Poem

Chapter Four How to Evaluate a Poem

Chapter Five Themes of a Poem

Part Two Elements of Poetry

Chapter One Voice: Speaker and Tone

John Donne: The Flea

Robert Frost: Stopping by Woods On a Snowy Evening

William Blake: The Lamb

Theodore Roethke: My Papa's Waltz

Robert Hayden: Those Winter Sundays

Chapter Two Diction

John Milton: Methought I Saw My Late Espoused Saint

William Blake: London

William Wordsworth: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

Alfred,Lord Tennyson: Crossing the Bar

Chapter Three Imagery

Robert Browning: Meeting at Night

Alfred,Lord Tennyson: Break,Break,Break

Ezra Pound: In a Station of the Metro

Seamus Heaney: The Play Way

Chapter Four Figures of Speech

Section One Simile,Metaphor

Robert Bums: A Red,Red Rose

Alfred Tennyson: The Eagle: A Fragment

Sylvia Plath: Metaphors

Section Two Metonymy,Synecdoche

Andrew Marvell: To His Coy Mistress

Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ozymandias

Section Three Personification,Apostrophe

William Wordsworth: London,1802

John Keats: To Autumn

Sylvia Plath: Mirror

Section Four Irony

William Blake: The Chimney Sweeper

Stephen Crane: The War Is Kind

Section Five Paradox

Richard Lovelace: To Lucasta,Going to the War

William Wordsworth: She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways

Thomas Hardy: Hap

Chapter Five Symbolism and Allegory

William Blake: The Sick Rose

Thomas Stearns Eliot: The Boston Evening Transcript

Emily Dickinson: I Heard a Fly Buzz——When I Died

William Buffer Yeats: The Second Coming

Chapter Six Syntax

Thomas Hardy: The Man He Killed

William Buffer Yeats: An Irish Airman Foresees His Death

Chapter Seven Sound: Rhyme,Alliteration and Assonance

Emily Dickinson: The Soul Selects Her Own Society

Wystan Hugh Auden: That Night When Joy Began

Chapter Eight Rhythm and Meter

Robert Herriek: An Ode to Him

Edna St. Vincent Millay: God's World

Part Three Types of Poetry

Chapter One Narrative Poetry

Section One Epic

John Milton: Paradise Lost

Section Two Ballad

Anonymous: Get Up and Bar the Door

John Keats: La Belle Dame Sans Merci

Section Three Romance

Anonymous: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Chapter Two Lyric Poetry

Section One Sonnet

William Shakespeare: Sonnet

William Wordsworth: The World Is Too Much with Us

John Keats: On the Grasshopper and the Cricket

Section Two Ode

Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind

John Keats: Ode on a Grecian Urn

Section Three Song

John Donne: Song

Ben Jonson: Song: To Celia

Robert Burns: Auld Lang Syne

Section Four Elegy

John Milton: Lycidas

Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

Percy Busshe Shelley: Adonais

Section Five Dirge

William Shakespeare: Full Fathom Five

Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Dirge

Section Six Aubade

John Donne: The Sun Rising

Robert Browning: Parting at Morning

Section Seven Pastoral

Christopher Marlowe: The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

William Wordsworth: Michael: A Pastoral Poem

Chapter Three Dramatic Poetry

Robert Browning: My Last Duchess

Percy Bysshes Shelley: Prometheus Unbound

Chapter Four Other Types of Poetry

Section One Descriptive Poetry

James Thomson: The Seasons

William Wordsworth: Composed Upon Westminster Bridge,September 3,1802

Section Two Reflective Poetry

William Cowper: The Task: The Stricken Deer

Section Three Didactic Poetry

Alexander Pope: An Essay on Criticism

Section Four Satirical Poetry

Percy Bysshe Shelley: England in 1819

Erenst Jones: The Song of the Lower Classes

A Glossary of Poetic Terms

List of Poets

Bibliography

作者简介

《英语诗歌教程:诗歌要素与诗歌种类》主要讲述了：This book is different from other poetry textbooks in the following ways.First,focusis shifted from poets to knowledge about poetry and sample poems.The poetic knowledgeis explained in great detail and simple terms.The book provides students with a systematicexplanation of types,elements and themes of poetry.Second,a comparative approach is adoptedin designing some questions for discussion.Many English poems are studied in a comparativecontext,eliciting students'attention to both English poetry and Chinese poetry.Third,thedesign of the questions is bold in the sense that various tasks are assigned: ranging fromanalyzing,reciting,translating to making comments,making comparisons,and even experiencingpoetry-writing.

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