化学

章节摘录

　　To the Student　　Welcome to Our Chemical World!　　Chemistry is fun. Through this book， we would like to share with you some of the excitement of chemistry and some of the joy of learning about it. You do not need to exclude chemistry from your learning experiences. Learning chemistry will enrich your life-now and long after this course is over-through a better understanding of the natural world， the technological questions now confronting us， and the choices we must face as citizens within a scientific and technological society.　　Learning chemistry involves thinking logically， critically， and creatively. Skills gained in this course can be exceptionally useful in many aspects of your life. You will learn how to use the language of chemistry: symbols， formulas， and equations. More important， you will learn how to obtain meaning from information. The most important thing you will learn is how to learn. Memorized material will quickly fade into oblivion unless it is arranged on a framework of understanding.　　Chemistry Directly Affects Our Lives　　How does the human body work? How does aspirin cure headaches， reduce fevers， and perhaps lessen the chance of a heart attack or stroke? Is ozone a good thing or a threat to our health? Are iron supplement pills poisonous? Is global warming real? If so， did humans contribute to it， and what are some of the possible consequences? Why do most weight-loss diets seem to work in the short run but fail in the long run? Why do our moods swing from happy to sad? Can a chemical test on urine predict possible suicide attempts? How does perucillin kill bacteria without harming our healthy body cells? Chemists have found answers to questions such as these and continue to seek the knowledge that will unlock still other secrets of our universe. As these mysteries are resolved， the direction of our lives often changes-sometimes dramatically. We live in a chemical world-a world of drugs， biocides， food additives， fertilizers， fuels， detergents， cosmetics， and plastics. We live in a world with toxic wastes， polluted air and water， and dwindling petroleum reserves. Knowledge of chemistry will help you better understand the benefits and hazards of this world and will enable you to make intelligent decisions in the future.　　Chemical Dependency　　We are all chemically dependent. Even in the womb we depend on a constant supply of oxygen， water， glucose， and a multitude of other chenucals.　　Our bodies are intricate chemical factories. They are durable but delicate systems. Innumerable chemical reactions that allow our bodies to function properly are constantly taking place within us. Thinking， learning， exercising， feeling happy or sad， putting on too much weight or not gaining enough， and virtually all life processes are made possible by these chemical reactions. Everything that we ingest is part of a complex process that determines whether our bodies work effectively or not. The consumption of some substances can initiate chemical reactions that will stop body functions. Other substances， if consumed， can cause permanent disabilities， and still others can make living less comfortable. A proper balance of the right foods provides the chemicals and generates the reactions we need in order to function at our best. The knowledge of chenustry that you will soon be gaining will help you better understand how your body works so that you will be able to take proper care of it.　　……

前言

　　随着经济全球化、教育国际化趋势的逐渐增强，迫切需要既精通专业知识又精通外语的高素质人才。化学是自然科学的“中心学科”，高等化学教育应面向世界，适应时代的需要，吸收国外先进的教学理念和教育教学形式，培养学生适应国际形势需要的综合素质。　　为反映国外化学类教材的最新内容和编写风格，同时也为提高学生阅读专业文献和获取信息的能力，为高等学校使用英文原版教材进行双语教学服务，我们精选了国外优秀的化学类教材，组成“国外高校优秀化学教材——影印版”，本书即为其中的一册。所选教材均在国外广泛采用，多数已再版，书中不仅介绍了有关概念、原理及应用，给出了丰富的实例和数据，还反映了作者不同的学术观点。　　我们希望这套丛书的出版能对高等学校师生有所帮助，并对我国高等化学教育的发展做出贡献。

书籍目录

Preface xiv Media Resources for Itructo xix To the Student xxii
Highlights of the Twelfth Edition xxiv
1 Chemistry
 1.1 Science and Technology: The Roots of Knowledge 2
 1.2 The Baconian Dream and the Caonian Nightmare 3
 1.3 Science: Reproducible, Testable, Tentative,
Predictive, and Explanatory 4
 1.4 The Limitatio of Science 7
 1.5 Science and Technology: Risks and Benefits 8
 1.6 Chemistry: Its Central Role 10
 1.7 Solving Society’s Problems: Scientific Research
11
 1.8 Chemistry: A Study of Matter and Its Changes 13
 1.9 Classification of Matter 16
 1.10 The Measurement of Matter 19
 1.11 Deity 25
 1.12 Energy: Heat and Temperature 28
 1.13 Critical Thinking 32
 Summary 34 . Review Questio 35 . Problems 35 .
 Additional Problems 38 . Collaborative Group Projects
39
2 Atoms 41
 2.1 Atoms: The Greek Idea 42
 2.2 Lavoisier: The Law of Coervation of Mass 43
 2.3 Proust: The Law of Definite Proportio 44
 2.4 John Dalton: The Atomic Theory of Matter 46
 2.5 Out of Chaos: The Periodic Table 51
 2.6 Atoms and Molecules: Real and Relevant 53
 Summary 56 . Review Questio 56 . Problems 57 . Additional
Problems 58 . Collaborative Group Projects 59
3 Atomic Structure 61
 3.1 Electricity and the Atom 62
 3.2 Serendipity in Science: X-Rays and Radioactivity
65
 3.3 Three Types of Radioactivity 66
 3.4 Rutherford’s Experiment: The Nuclear Model of the
Atom 67
 3.5 The Atomic Nucleus 69
 3.6 Electron Arrangement: The Bohr Model 72
 3.7 Electron Arrangement: The Quantum Model 77
 3.8 Electron Configuratio and the Periodic Table 80
 3.9 Which Model to Choose? 84
 Summary 84 . Review Questio 85 . Problems 86 . Additional
Problems 86 . Collaborative Group Projects 87
4 Chemical Bonds 89
 4.1 The Art of Deduction: Stable Electron Configuratio
90
 4.2 Lewis (Electron-Dot) Symbols 91
 4.3 The Reaction of Sodium and Chlorine 92
 4.4 Using Lewis Symbols: More Ionic Compounds 94
 4.5 Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic Compounds 97
 4.6 Covalent Bonds: Shared Electron Pai 100
 4.7 Unequal Sharing: Polar Covalent Bonds 102
 4.8 Polyatomic Molecules: Water, Ammonia, and Methane
104
 4.9 Polyatomic Io 105
 4.10 Rules for Writing Lewis Formulas 107
 4.11 Odd-Electron Molecules: Free Radicals 110
 4.12 Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Theory 112
 4.13 Shapes and Properties: Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
116
 4.14 A Chemical Vocabulary 117
 Summary 118 . Review Questio 119 . Problems 119 .
Additional Problems 121 . Collaborative Group Projects 121
5 Chemical Accounting 123
 5.1 Chemical Sentences: Equatio 123
 5.2 Volume Relatiohips in Chemical Equatio 127
 5.3 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole 128
 5.4 Molar Mass: Mole-to-Mass and Mass-to-Mole Conveio
131
 5.5 Solutio 138
 Summary 143 . Review Questio 144 . Problems 144 .
Additional Problems 146 . Collaborative Group Projects 147
6 Gases, Liquids, Solids,
 and Intermolecular
 Forces 149
 6.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 150
 6.2 Comparing Ionic and Molecular Compounds 152
 6.3 Forces between Molecules 154
 6.4 Forces in Solutio 156
 6.5 Gases: The Kinetic–Molecular Theory 158
 6.6 The Simple Gas Laws 159
 6.7 The Ideal Gas Law 165
 Summary 167 . Review Questio 167 . Problems 168 .
Additional Problems 169 . Collaborative Group Projects 169
7 Acids and Bases
 7.1 Acids and Bases: Experimental Definitio 172
 7.2 Acids, Bases, and Salts 173
 7.3 Acidic and Basic Anhydrides 179
 7.4 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 181
 7.5 Neutralization 182
 7.6 The pH Scale 183
 7.7 Buffe and Conjugate Acid–Base Pai 186
 7.8 Acid Rain 187
 7.9 Antacids: A Basic Remedy 188
 7.10 Acids and Bases in Industry and in Us 189
 Summary 191 . Review Questio 191 . Problems 191 .
Additional Problems 193 . Collaborative Group Projects 193
8 Oxidation and Reduction 195
 8.1 Oxidation and Reduction: Three Views 196
 8.2 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 200
 8.3 Electrochemistry: Cells and Batteries 201
 8.4 Corrosion 206
 8.5 Explosive Reactio 207
 8.6 Oxygen: An Abundant and Essential Oxidizing Agent
208
 8.7 Other Common Oxidizing Agents 210
 8.8 Some Reducing Agents of Interest 212
 8.9 A Closer Look at Hydrogen 214
 8.10 Oxidation, Reduction, and Living Things 216
 Summary 218 . Review Questio 218 . Problems 219 .
Additional Problems 220 . Collaborative Group Projects 221
9 Organic Chemistry 223
 9.1 The Unique Carbon Atom 224
 9.2 Alkanes 224
 9.3 Cyclic Hydrocarbo: Rings and Things 229
 9.4 Uaturated Hydrocarbo: Alkenes and Alkynes 231
 9.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbo: Benzene and Relatives 233
 9.6 Chlorinated Hydrocarbo: Many Uses, Some Hazards
234
 9.7 The Functional Group 236
 9.8 The Alcohol Family 238
 9.9 Phenols 241
 9.10 Ethe 241
 9.11 Aldehydes and Ketones 243
 9.12 Carboxylic Acids 246
 9.13 Este: The Sweet Smell of RCOOR’ 248
 9.14 Amines and Amides 251
 9.15 Heterocyclic Compounds: Alkaloids and Othe 254
 Summary 255 . Review Questio 256 . Problems 256 .
Additional Problems 258 . Collaborative Group Projects 259
10 Polyme 261
 10.1 Polymerization: Making Big Ones Out of Little Ones
261
 10.2 Natural Polyme 262
 10.3 Celluloid: Billiard Balls and Colla 262
 10.4 Polyethylene: From the Battle of Britain to Bread
Bags 263
 10.5 Addition Polymerization: One . One . One . á GIVES
ONE 266
 10.6 Rubber and Other Elastome 271
 10.7 Condeation Polyme: Splitting Out Water 273
 10.8 Properties of Polyme 278
 10.9 Disposal of Plastics 280
 10.10 Plastics and Fire Hazards 281
 10.11 Plasticize and Pollution 281
 10.12 Plastics and the Future 282
 Summary 285 . Review Questio 286 . Problems 286 .
Additional Problems 287 . Collaborative Group Projects 289
11 Nuclear Chemistry 291
 11.1 Natural Radioactivity 292
 11.2 Nuclear Equatio 294
 11.3 Half-Life 298
 11.4 Radioisotopic Dating 300
 11.5 Artificial Tramutation 302
 11.6 Uses of Radioisotopes 304
 11.7 Penetrating Power of Radiation 308
 11.8 Energy from the Nucleus 309
 11.9 The Building of the Bomb 313
 11.10 Radioactive Fallout 315
 11.11 Nuclear Power Plants 316
 11.12 Thermonuclear Reactio 318
 11.13 The Nuclear Age 319
 Summary 320 . Review Questio 321 . Problems 321 .
Additional Problems 322 . Collaborative Group Projects 323
12 Chemistry of Earth
 12.1 Spaceship Earth: The Materials Manifest 325
 12.2 The Lithosphere: Organic and Inorganic 327
 12.3 Meeting Our Needs: From Sticks to Bricks 327
 12.4 Silicates and the Shapes of Things 328
 12.5 Modified Silicates: Ceramics, Glass, and Cement
330
 12.6 Metals and Ores 332
 12.7 Earth’s Dwindling Resources 337
 Summary 340 . Review Questio 341 . Problems 341 .
Additional Problems 342 . Collaborative Group Projects 343
13 Air 345
 13.1 Earth’s Atmosphere: Divisio and Composition 345
 13.2 Chemistry of the Atmosphere 347
 13.3 Pollution through the Ages 350
 13.4 Coal + Fire : Industrial Smog 352
 13.5 Automobile Emissio 355
 13.6 Photochemical Smog: Making Haze while the Sun Shines
358
 13.7 Acid Rain: Air Pollution : Water Pollution 361
 13.8 The Iide Story: Indoor Air Pollution 362
 13.9 Ozone: The Double-Edged Sword 366
 13.10 Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change 369
 13.11 Who Pollutes? Who Pays? 373
 Summary 376 . Review Questio 377 . Problems 377 .
Additional Problems 378 . Collaborative Group Projects 379
14 Water
 14.1 Water: Some Unique Properties 382
 14.2 Water in Nature 384
 14.3 Chemical and Biological Contamination 387
 14.4 Industrial Water Use 389
 14.5 Groundwater Contamination : Tainted Tap Water
392
 14.6 Making Water Fit to Drink 394
 14.7 Wastewater Treatment 399
 14.8 The Newest Soft Drink: Bottled Water 401
 14.9 Water Pollution and the Future 401
 Summary 403 . Review Questio 403 . Problems 404 .
Additional Problems 405 . Collaborative Group Projects 405
15 Energy 407
 15.1 Sunlight Floods Earth with Energy 408
 15.2 Energy and Chemical Reactio 411
 15.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics 414
 15.4 People Power: Early Uses of Energy 417
 15.5 Reserves and Coumption Rates of Fossil Fuels 418
 15.6 Coal: The Carbon Rock of Ages 419
 15.7 Natural Gas: Mostly Methane 422
 15.8 Petroleum: Liquid Hydrocarbo 422
 15.9 Convenient Energy: Electricity 428
 15.10 Nuclear Fission 430
 15.11 Nuclear Fusion: The Sun in a Magnetic Bottle
435
 15.12 Harnessing the Sun: Solar Energy 436
 15.13 Biomass: Photosynthesis for Fuel 438
 15.14 Hydrogen: Light and Powerful 441
 15.15 Other Renewable Energy Sources 443
 15.16 Energy: How Much Is Too Much? 445
 Summary 447 . Review Questio 448 . Problems 448 .
Additional Problems 450 . Collaborative Group Projects 451
16 Biochemistry 453
 16.1 The Living Cell 453
 16.2 Carbohydrates: A Storehouse of Energy 455
 16.3 Fats and Other Lipids 459
 16.4 Protei: Polyme of Amino Acids 462
 16.5 The Peptide Bond: Peptides and Protei 465
 16.6 Structure of Protei 467
 16.7 Enzymes: Exquisite Precision Machines 471
 16.8 Nucleic Acids: Parts and Structure 474
 16.9 DNA: Self-Replication 477
 16.10 RNA: Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code 479
 16.11 The Human Genome 481
 Summary 485 . Review Questio 486 . Problems 486 .
Additional Problems 488 . Collaborative Group Projects 489
17 Food 491
 17.1 Carbohydrates in the Diet 492
 17.2 Fats and Cholesterol 494
 17.3 Protei: Muscle and Much More 499
 17.4 Minerals: Inorganic Chemicals and Life 501
 17.5 The Vitami: Vital, but Not All Are Amines 503
 17.6 Other Essentials: Fiber and Water 505
 17.7 Starvation and Fasting 506
 17.8 Additives to Enhance Nutrition and Taste 508
 17.9 Additives to Retard Spoilage 513
 17.10 Color Additives 515
 17.11 Poiso in Our Food 517
 17.12 A World without Food Additives 521
 Summary 522 . Review Questio 523 . Problems 523 .
Additional Problems 524 . Collaborative Group Projects 525
18 Drugs
 18.1 Scientific Drug Design 528
 18.2 Pain Relieve: Noteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
(NSAIDs) 529
 18.3 Chemistry, Allergies, and the Common Cold 532
 18.4 Antibacterial Drugs 534
 18.5 Viruses and Antiviral Drugs 538
 18.6 Chemicals agait Cancer 541
 18.7 Hormones: The Regulato 544
 18.8 Chemistry and Social Revolution: The Pill 549
 18.9 Drugs for the Heart 552
 18.10 Drugs and the Mind 554
 18.11 Some Chemistry of the Nervous System 554
 18.12 Brain Amines: Depression and Mania 556
 18.13 Anesthetics 559
 18.14 Depressant Drugs 562
 18.15 Narcotics 565
 18.16 Antianxiety Agents 569
 18.17 Stimulant Drugs 571
 18.18 Hallucinogenic Drugs 573
 18.19 Drug Problems 576
 Summary 577 . Review Questio 579 . Problems 579 .
Additional Problems 579 . Collaborative Group Projects 581
19 Fitness and Health
 19.1 Calories: Quantity and Quality 583
 19.2 Vitami and Minerals 586
 19.3 Body Fluids and Electrolytes 589
 19.4 Weight-Loss Diets 591
 19.5 Exercise for Weight Loss 593
 19.6 Measuring Fitness 596
 19.7 Some Chemistry of Muscles 598
 19.8 Drugs and the Athlete 601
 19.9 Exercise and the Brain 603
 19.10 No Smoking 604
 Summary 607 . Review Questio 607 . Problems 608 .
Additional Problems 609 . Collaborative Group Projects 609
20 Chemistry Down on the Farm . . .
 20.1 Farming with Chemicals: Fertilize 612
 20.2 The War agait Pests 618
 20.3 Biological Iect Controls 624
 20.4 Herbicides and Defoliants 628
 20.5 Sustainable Agriculture 630
 20.6 Some Malthusian Mathematics 632
 20.7 Can We Feed a Hungry World? 634
 Summary 635 . Review Questio 635 . Problems 635 .
Additional Problems 636 . Collaborative Group Projects 637
21 Household Chemicals 639
 21.1 A History of Cleaning 640
 21.2 Fat + Lye : Soap 641
 21.3 Synthetic Detergents 645
 21.4 Laundry Detergent Formulatio 647
 21.5 Dishwashing Detergents 651
 21.6 Fabric Softene 651
 21.7 Laundry Bleaches: Whiter Whites 652
 21.8 All-Purpose Cleaning Products 653
 21.9 Special-Purpose Cleane 654
 21.10 Solvents, Paints, and Waxes 658
 21.11 Cosmetics: Peonal Care Chemicals 659
 21.12 Toothpaste: Soap with Grit and Flavor 665
 21.13 Perfumes, Colognes, and Aftehaves 666
 21.14 Some Hairy Chemistry 669
 21.15 The Well-Informed Coumer 673
 Summary 674 . Review Questio 675 . Problems 675 .
Additional Problems 676 . Collaborative Group Projects 677
22 Poiso 679
 22.1 Natural Poiso 680
 22.2 Corrosive Poiso: A Closer Look 682
 22.3 Metabolic Poiso 683
 22.4 Heavy Metal Poiso 684
 22.5 More Chemistry of the Nervous System 688
 22.6 The Lethal Dose 690
 22.7 The Liver as a Detox Facility 692
 22.8 Chemical Carcinoge: Slow Poiso 693
 22.9 Three Ways to Test for Carcinoge 697
 22.10 Birth Defects: Teratoge 698
 22.11 Hazardous Wastes 699
 22.12 What Price Poiso? 701
 Summary 702 . Review Questio 703 . Problems 703 .
Additional Problems 704 . Collaborative Group Projects 705
Appendix: Review of Measurement and Mathematics A-1
Glossary A-18
Awe A-25
Photo Credits PC-1
Index I-1

作者简介

希尔、麦克里里、科尔布编著的《化学：时代行进中的科学（第12版影印版）》适合非化学专业的学生学习化学知识。全书通过当今人们感兴趣的议题来介绍化学原理，将化学问题与日常生活紧密联系，突出化学用于解决环境污染、放射性、能源以及人类健康等问题的实际应用，使学生认识到化学在现实世界的重要性。并注重培养学生掌握科学的方法，能够以批判的眼光来学习，培养对科学的兴趣。全书内容丰富生动，语言清晰易懂。

    《化学：时代行进中的科学（第12版影印版）》主要内容包括：化学，原子，原子结构，化学键，化学计算，气液固态与分子间力，酸和碱，氧化与还原，有机化学，高分子，核化学，地球化学，空气，水，能源，生物化学，食品，药物，化学与健康，化学与农业，日用化学品，有毒物质。

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