《中亚费尔干纳》章节试读

《中亚费尔干纳》的笔记-第158页 - 巴基斯坦

巴基斯坦的国名取意旁遮普（Panjab）、阿富汗尼亚（Afghania）、克什米尔（Kashimir）、伊朗、信德（Iran）、吐哈里斯坦（Tukharistan）、阿富汗（Afghanistan）和俾路支（Balochistan）的首位之母的缩写，意思是巴基人（Paks）。（乔杜利·拉赫马特·阿里：《巴基斯坦》，转自赫克托著，李荣熙译：《巴基斯坦的缔造者：真纳传》，155-156页，北京，商务印书馆，1977）The name Pakistan literally means "Land of (the) Pure" in Urdu and Persian. It was coined in 1933 as Pakstan by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan Movement activist, who published it in his pamphlet Now or Never, using it as an acronym ("thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN") referring to the names of the five northern regions of the Indian subcontinent: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind, and Baluchistan". The letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct name.
（At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN [sic] - by which we mean the five Northern units of India, viz.: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind and Baluchistan - for your sympathy and support in our grim and fateful struggle against political crucifixion and complete annihilation. —— Now or Never. Are we to live or perish forever? (1933) by Choudhary Rahmat Ali，http://dwz.cn/47ylk）

《中亚费尔干纳》的笔记-第187页 - 民族和国家的精神支柱

”三股势力“问题从反面教训了中亚国家的领导人，他们对”伊斯兰“问题开始有所警惕，但如何构建民族精神，他们至今也找不到理想的出路。他妈呢不约而同地从历史和传说中寻找民族和国家的精神支柱：如乌兹别克斯坦的帖木儿大帝；哈萨克斯坦的阿布赉可汗；吉尔吉斯斯坦传说中的玛纳斯；塔吉克斯坦则从古雅利安人那里寻求精神寄托；土库曼斯坦前总统尼亚佐夫在世时干脆自称”土库曼巴什“。Turkmenistan is dominated by a pervasive cult of personality extolling the late president as Türkmenbaşy ("Leader of all Turkmen"), a title he assumed in 1993. His face adorns many everyday objects, from banknotes to bottles of vodka. The logo of Turkmen national television is his profile. The two books he has written are mandatory readings in schools and public servants are quizzed yearly about their knowledge of their contents. They are also common in shops and homes. Many institutions are named after his mother. All watches and clocks made must bear his portrait printed on the dial-face. A giant 15-meter (50 ft) tall gold-plated statue of him stands on a rotating pedestal in Ashgabat, so it will always face into the sun and shine light onto the city.
A slogan popular in Turkmen propaganda is "Halk! Watan! Türkmenbashi!" ("People! Motherland! Leader!") Niyazov renamed the days of the week after members of his family and wrote the new Turkmen national anthem/oath himself.

《中亚费尔干纳》的笔记-第4页 - 盆地

现代的费尔干纳盆地为乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦三国分割。盆地内三国的边境线犬牙交错，吉尔吉斯斯坦的奥什州就有属于乌兹别克斯坦和塔吉克斯坦的飞地。盆地内许多村庄成为跨界村。在这里生活着几十个民族。民族跨界而居，甚至一个家族跨界而居的现象比比皆是，因此族际矛盾时有发生，并可能影响到国家关系。当地民众以穆斯林为主，但分属各种派别，其中不乏极端和激进的派别。这些都深刻反映出，历史上这个盆地成晶石连接欧亚的走廊，是东西方文化的撞击点，也是伊斯兰教、基督教、东正教等宗教文明的结合部。近代以来，费尔干纳地区生活着几十个民族，最主要的是乌兹别克人、吉尔吉斯人和塔吉克人。但直到十月革命时期，这些民族之间的界线依然不是十分清晰。当时经常被提及的是绿洲定居的萨尔特人，高山游牧的布鲁特人和处于山前地带的半牧半农的克普恰克人。这些人为争夺耕地、绿洲、草场、水源，不断爆发部族和民族冲突。十月革命后苏联政府在中亚进行民族识别，并根据这一识别的民族分布情况，组建了中亚的民族加盟共和国。费尔干纳也因此被中亚三个民族共和国所分割：
· 盆地的核心，也就是主要的平原地带为乌兹别克斯坦所辖，包括费尔干纳、安集延和纳曼干三个州；
· 盆地的东南角入口平坦地带的奥什和东部山区归于吉尔吉斯斯坦奥什州；
· 盆地西南部的主要出口苦盏和其他山区归塔吉克斯坦所有。
此外，在费尔干纳南部山区的吉尔吉斯斯坦地界上还有两块属于乌兹别克斯坦的飞地：索赫、沙希马尔丹以及属于塔吉克斯坦的飞地沃鲁赫。（王智娟：《费尔干纳：当代”巴斯马奇“的窝巢》，见《中南亚的民族宗教冲突》，196-199页，乌鲁木齐，新疆人民出版社，2003）
这种建立在民族识别基础上的人为疆界划分潜藏着一系列的问题，而一旦这些苏联时期划分的政区成为中亚各独立国家的国界，则情况变得愈发严峻。