神经科学百科全书3

章节摘录

插图：A core of gene clusters within the granular glandcells of frog skin codes for these secreted peptides.A mild transdermal electrical stimulation of the frogreleases granular gland contents on the skin surface asa result of glandular syncythia rupture produced bythe contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding theglands. These skin secretions contain the entire pepti-dome, transcriptome, and genome of the granulargland syncythia （olocryne secretion）. The polyadeny-lated mRNAs constituting the secreted transcriptomeand the peptides constituting the secreted proteomeare protected from degradation by interactionswith co-released amphipathic peptides and muco-proteins endowed with antimicrobial, RNAse-, andprotease-inhibitory activities. Thus, amino acid se-quencing of secreted peptides, nucleic acid sequencingof peptide-encoding mRNAs, and genomic informa-tion retrieving from the secreted DNA can be easilyperformed in secretion samples collected from fewfrogs on a regular basis and stored, lyophilized orfrozen, for at least 6 years. This is a powerful methodof determining evolutionary information on theancestral sequences of biologically active peptidesand proteins and understanding the sequence-function relationship of the human orthologs. Becausedifficult-to-synthesize bioactive peptides and proteinsare currently obtained in large quantities from skinsecretions of few amphibian specimens, extensivepharmacological studies have been performed withthese amphibian molecules in order to elucidate thefunctional role of the mammalian orthologs. Whereassome of amphibian skin peptides represent analogs ofalready known mammalian peptide families （Table 1）,others represent prototype peptides not encounteredbefore in nature. In many instances, the discovery ofnew amphibian skin peptides led to the discovery ofnovel mammalian neuropeptides; notable examplesare caerulein, bombesin, and sauvagin （Table 2）. Inthe amphibian skin, opioid peptides are representedby two prototypes named dermorphin and deltorphin.

前言

什么是百科全书？这一名词来自于两个希腊单词：enkuklios（意思是循环的）和paideia（意思是教育）。在16世纪早期，拉丁手稿的抄写者们将这两个单词合而为一，其在英语中演化为一个单词，意思是具有广泛指导意义的工具书（The American Heritage Dictionary，2000，Boston：Houghton Mifflin，p.589）。从其来源可见，其希腊文原词中蕴含着以探索、综合的方式努力获取知识的含义。无论是拉丁文还是英文，该单词泛指涵盖广泛领域知识的工具书。希腊文中强调的以创造性手段获取知识，在神经科学领域尤其适用。神经科学本身就是一个非常新的名词。Francis Schmitt在本书第一版的前言中指出，本书的编写过程就是将不同领域的科学家们聚集在一起，冲击大脑研究中最顽固的难题。他推动建立了神经科学研究项目（Neuroscience Research。Program，简称NRP）。早期的NIRP成员包括一些学术巨匠，如因关于光合作用的研究获得诺贝尔奖的Melvin Calvin、诺贝尔奖获得者物理化学家Manfred：Eigen、生物化学家Alberc Lehninger，和当时正在努力破解基因编码的年轻分子生物学家Marshall Nirenberg。Schmitt建立NRP的时候，神经科学作为一门综合学科还几乎不存在。微电极的发明使神经生理学家们得以记录单细胞的电活动，但是几乎不可能甄别其生物化学特性。一个重要的推进来自20世纪60年代中期涌现的Falck-Hillarp荧光显微镜技术，它能够选择性地观察儿茶酚胺和5.羟色胺能神经元。这些胺类通路的研究又很快使得检测选择性损伤后效应的行为学家们和生化学家们开始合作研究，使得后者的工作不再局限于在整个脑组织匀浆的水平研究神经递质。20世纪70年代关于神经递质受体的生化研究、它们位点的放射自显影研究，以及神经多肽的免疫组织化学研究，更是进一步促进了神经生理学家、神经解剖学家、神经化学家和神经药理学家们的对话。而过去两个世纪以来，分子生物学技术手段的应用更加丰富了这一交流。

内容概要

编者：（美国）斯奎尔（Larry R.Squire）

书籍目录

Amphibian PeptidesApelinBDNF in Synaptic Plasticity and MemoryCalcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) and ReceptorsCCK/Gastrin and ReceptorsCircadian Function and Therapeutic Potential of Melatonin in HumansCorticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Urocortins: Binding Proteins and ReceptorsEndocannabinoid Role in Synaptic Plasticity and LearningEnteric Nervous System: Neurotrophic FactorsGalanin and ReceptorsGFL Neurotrophic Factors: Physiology and PharmacologyGlial Growth FactorsGrowth Factors: Neuronal AtrophyHypocretin/Orexin and MCH and ReceptorsInsulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling and Actions in BrainInvertebrate Neurohormone GPCRsKisspeptins and their ReceptorsMagnocellular Neurosecretory System: Organization, Plasticity, Model Peptidergic NeuronsMammalian Neuropeptide FamiliesMelanocortins: Brain EffectsMelatonin Regulation of Circadian Rhythmicity in VertebratesNatriuretic PeptidesNerve Growth FactorNeuroendocrine Peptide ProcessingNeuromodulationNeuronal AngiotensinNeuropeptide FF and ReceptorsNeuropeptide Inactivation or MetabolismNeuropeptide Receptors-Drug DevelopmentNeuropeptide ReleaseNeuropeptide SNeuropeptide Signaling in InvertebratesNeuropeptide Synthesis and StorageNeuropeptide Y (NPY) and its ReceptorsNeuropeptides and CoexistenceNeuropeptides and Receptors in GliaNeuropeptides in Autonomic NeuronsNeuropeptides InternalizationNeuropeptides Phylogeny and EvolutionNeuropeptides: DiscoveryNeuropeptides: ElectrophysiologyNeuropeptides: Endocrine CellsNeuropeptides: Enteric Nervous SystemNeuropeptides: EpilepsyNeuropeptides: Food IntakeNeuropeptides: Mental DiseaseNeuropeptides: PainNeuropeptides: Sensory SystemsNeurotensin and ReceptorsNeurotransmitters and Growth Factors: OverviewNeurotrophic Factor Therapy: GDNF and CNTF.Neurotrophic Factor Therapy: NGF, BDNF and NT-3Neurotrophins: Physiology and PharmacologyOpioid Peptides and ReceptorsPeptidergic ReceptorsPineal Gland and MelatoninProlactin and its Neuroendocrine ControlProlactin-Releasing PeptideProopiomelanocortinRetrograde Neurotrophic Signaling..Somatostatin and ReceptorsSubstance P/Tachykinins and its/their ReceptorsTIP39 (Tuberoinfundibular Peptide of 39 Residues)...Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide ReceptorsVasopressin/Oxytocin and Receptors原书词条中英对照表

作者简介

《神经科学百科全书3:神经肽与神经营养因子(影印版·导读版)》旨在将本学科丰富多元的内容条理化并仔细介绍，从而推动不同学术分支之间的沟通，提供权威的信息来源。该书面向较为广泛的读者群体，既包括初入神经科学研究的学生，也包括寻求特定专题知识的普通读者。无论是神经科学家，还是正在学习神经科学的本科生和研究生，或生命科学领域的教师、科普作家，都会从该参考书中获益。

图书封面

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