唐县高昌墓地发掘报告

书籍目录

序言
第一章  概述
  第一节  墓地概况及工作方法
  第二节  工作概况及内容
  第三节  材料整理与编写
第二章  墓葬资料
  第一节  战国时期墓葬
    一  M65
    二  M77
    三  M82
    四  M102
    五  M105
    六  M106
    七  M128
  第二节  西汉时期土坑墓葬
    一  M1
    二  M2
    三  M3
    四  M4
    五  M5
    六  M6
    七  M7
    八  M8
    九  M9
    一0  M10
    一一  M11
    一二  M12
    一三  M13
    一四  M14
    一五  M15
    一六  M16
    一七  M17
    一八  M20
    一九  M23
    二0  M25
    二一  M27
    二二  M28
    二三  M29
    二四  M30
    二五  M31
    二六  M32
    二七  M33
    二八  M34
    二九  M35
    三0  M36
    三一  M37
    三二  M38
    三三  M39
    三四  M40
    三五  M41
    三六  M42
    三七  M43
    三八  M45
    三九  M46
    四0  M48
    四一  M49
    四二  M50
    四三  M51
    四四  M52
    四五  M53
    四六  M54
    四七  M55
    四八  M56
    四九  M57
    五0  M58
    五一  M59
    五二  M60
    五三  M62
    五四  M63
    五五  M66
    五六  M67
    五七  M68
    五八  M69
    五九  M71
    六0  M72
    六一  M73
    六二  M74
    六三  M75
    六四  M76
    六五  M81
    六六  M83
    六七  M86
    六八  M87
    六九  M89
    七0  M95
    七一  M96
    七二  M97
    七三  M98
    七四  M99
    七五  M101
    七六  M103
    七七  M104
    七八  M107
    七九  M108
    八0  M109
    八一  M113
    八二  M115
    八三  M116
    八四  M117
    八五  M118
    八六  M121
    八七  M122
    八八  M123
    八九  M124
    九0  M125-
    九一  M126
    九二  M127
  第三节  两汉时期砖室墓葬
    一  M61
    二  M64
    三  M70
    四  M78
    五  M79
    六  M80
    七  M84
    八  M85
    九  M88
    一0  M90
    一一  M91
    一二  M92
    一三  M93
    一四  M94
    一五  M100
    一六  M114
    一七  M120
    一八  M129
    一九M130
    二0  M131
  第四节  北朝—隋代墓葬
    一  M18
    二  M19
    三  M21
    四  M22
    五  M24
    六  M26
  第五节  宋代墓葬
    一  M112
  第六节  清代墓葬
    一  M47
  第七节  年代不明墓葬
    一  M44
    二  M110
    三  M111
    四  M119
第三章  初步研究
  第一节  墓地综述
  第二节  墓葬形制及出土器物组合
    一  战国时期墓葬
    二  西汉时期土坑墓葬
    三  两汉时期砖室墓葬
    四  北朝至隋代砖室墓葬
    五  宋代墓葬
    六  清代墓葬
  第三节  出土器物
    一  战国时期墓葬
    二  两汉时期墓葬
    三  北朝至隋代墓葬
    四  宋代墓葬
    五  清代墓葬
  第四节  战国、汉代陶器装饰
  第五节  西汉土坑墓葬中的异穴合葬
  第六节  土坑墓葬向砖室墓葬的过渡
  第七节  墓葬年代及墓主推测
    一  战国时期墓葬
    二  两汉时期墓葬
    三  北朝至隋代墓葬
    四  宋代墓葬
    五  清代墓葬
  第八节  结语
附表  高昌墓地出土器物登记表
后记
英文提要

作者简介

An Excavation Report on Gaochang Cemetery

    (Abstract)

    The "South -to- North Water Diversion Project" is another 

large -scale hydraulic engineering work following the "Three 

Gorgeous Projects" , and also another startling move of Chinese 

government. The archaeological work, which coordinates with this 

project, has become an urgent and arduous task for the three 

provinces and one city along the line.

    In the summer of 2002, from the end of 2003 to the beginning 

of 2004, and during the autumn season of the same year, Hebei 

Province -acting in concert with the water project -successively 

launched three archaeological investigation, exploration and 

primary excavation work, eventually fixing on 114 sites with 

abundant remaining relics. On the basis of importance and 

preservation conditions, all these sites were classified into "A, 

B, C, D" four levels as requested, among which Gaochang cemetery 

was designated as Level B.

    Lasting from May 11,  2005  to September 30,  the exploration 

and excavation work at Gaochang cemetery was completed to explore 

an area of 5000 square metres, 131 tombs. Among all these tombs, 

there are 7 earthen - shafts of the Warring States Period, 92 

earthen - shafts of the Western Han Dynasty, 20 brick - chambered 

tombs of the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties, 6 were from the 

Northern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty, one from the Song Dynasty, 

one earthen - shaft of the Qing Dynasty, and four unknown tombs, 

unearthing more than 700 sets of numbered funeral objects such as 

pottery, copper, iron, agate , porcelain, bone, glass, paint,etc. 

All the relevant information of the 131 excavated tomb are covered 

by this report.

    The report consists of three parts: Part I is an overview; 

Part 11 is the tombs' information;Part m is a preliminary study.  

The first part is divided into three chapters, each depicting the 

general situation of the cemetery and the working methods, 

profiles, contents as well as the collation and compilation of 

materials, etc.  Part 11 starts with the tombs' era as a 

framework, then recounts them one by one in the order from small 

to big serial numbers. Each tomb, whether robbed or not, relies on 

raw material as its basis, then goes through indoor collation of 

materials and restoration and checking of objects, and then 

respectively depicted according to each tomb' s position, time of 

excavation, status quo of its preservation, filling'  s color and 

composition,the tomb'  s structure, the positions of coffins, 

bones, burial objects and the features of every burial object. 

Generally,  each tomb has an attached profile, some of them also 

has photos. Burial objects has attached outline drawings based on 

the tombs, the better and more intact one is the choice from the 

same items.

    Part III of preliminary study involves seven chapters: 

cemetery overview; tombs' structure and the combination of burial 

objects; burial objects, decorative pottery of the Warring States 

Period and the Han Dynasty ; co - burial of different graves among 

the earthen - shafts of the Westeru Han Dynasty ; the transition 

from earthen - shafts to brick - chambered tombs ; the tombs' era 

and the owner'  s speculation.

    "Cemetery overview" summarizes how the tombs of different 

periods surround a rock mound,meanwhile generalizes the main 

burial customs.  In the order of time periods, the chapter of 

"tombs' structure and the combination of burial objects" concludes 

the characteristics of tombs'struture, respectively from the 

filling, tombs' direction and size, tombs' furniture, skeleton, 

the combination of burial objects, etc. The conclusion, which is 

about the features of 92 earthen - shafts of the Western Han 

Dynasty, is particularly detailed. It divides the pottery of the 

burial objects into 7 combinations, among which the gallipots or 

the daily combination of gallipots and pottery bowls are the most 

common. The chapter of "burial objects"  - also in the order of 

time - generalizes the burial objects of all periods, roughly 

describing according to such classifications as pottery, copper, 

iron, pewter, jade, glass, bone, lacquer, etc. The 7 tombs of the 

Warring States Period and the 112 of the Western and Eastern Han 

Dynasties vary greatly on the number and variety of burial 

objects, as a result, independent forms of narrations are adopted. 

The pottery is divided for their types and forms based on the 

traditional method, each one is marked with the unearthed number 

as well as the general characteristic of its type and form, 

moreover, each form is marked with the number of tombs containing 

such items, and descriptive examples are also provided.

    Chapter four of "decorative pottery of the Warring States 

Period and the Han Dynasty" summarizes how the items were molded 

and the main shapes of their various parts as well as the main 

decoration methods and ornamental patterns. Furthermore, this 

chapter also provides description along with drawings of rubbings 

for the main patterns, such as whirling mark (旋纹), cord mark, 

chequer, impressed complex of looped cord (绳圈印纹), nail 

pattern, dancette and the combination of whirling mark (旋纹), 

fret pattern, cord mark; the combination of whirling mark (旋纹), 

chequer, cord mark; the combination of whirling mark (旋纹), cord 

mark,short - string pattern, the combination of whirling mark (旋

纹), cord mark, impressed complex of looped cord (绳圈印纹). The " 

impressed complex of looped cord (绳圈印纹) " and its combination 

are rare patterns, which not only can decorate but also locate the 

'" ear" and the handle of an item. It'  s one of the unique 

patterns that prevailed in certain areas during the Han Dynasty.

    The chapter -  " co - burial of different graves among the 

earthen - shafts of the Western Hart Dynasty"  - cites the 34 

tombs of Western Han Dynasty of Gaochang cemetery as concrete 

demonstrations, every two tombs make up a group and are side by 

side, which clarifies the prevalent "husband and wife buried 

together" during the earthen - shafts period. This chapter also 

expounds that the idea of " male superiority" almost dominated the 

whole class society of China, the idea is also reflected in the 

burial position of men and women due to their different social 

status." Right is superior, left is inferior"  - such idea was 

widespread, especially in the Warring States Period and the Han 

Dynasty, in line with this idea, the social reality of "male left, 

female right"when burying has come into being in most of the 

areas.

    Another significant accomplishment of the excavation in 

Gaochang Cemetery is the transition from earthen -shafts to brick 

-chambered tombs, by analyzing several tombs of special styles of 

this particular period such as brick - framed tombs and also brick 

- framed ones with flat tops, for the first time, however, this 

article has clearly claimed that such styles were of popularity in 

certain areas during the transition period from earthen - shafts 

to brick - chambered tombs.  They still maintained the structure 

of wooden coffin of the earthen - shafts period, at the same time 

adopted brick frames and flat tops, even without evident tomb 

doors and passage ways, they are much more primitive than brick- 

spanned tops and domed tops of mature periods.

    The last chapter involves the tombs' era and the owner'  s 

speculation, by making contrasts between tombs of major periods 

and recently - published materials on the same period, then 

leading to inference about the tombs' relative times, with 

particularly detailed classification on the most tombs of Han 

Dynasty according to different time periods. Based on the above - 

mentioned analysis about the structure of tombs and conclusions 

about the combination of burial objects as well as their types and 

forms, meanwhile taking the unearthed coins into consideration, 

this chapter divides the tombs of Han Dynasty into five periods: 

the early Western Han Dynasty, the mid-Western Han Dynasty, the 

late Western Han Dynasty, the end of Western Han Dynasty to the  

early Eastern Han Dynasty, the middle and late Eastern Han 

Dynasty.

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