解读中国经济(增订版)

出版日期:2014-9
ISBN:9787301248490
作者:林毅夫
页数:358页

内容概要

林毅夫:北京大学国家发展研究院教授、名誉院长。1994 年创立北京大学中国经济研究中心(现北京大学国家发展研究院),并担任主任一职。2008 年被任命为世界银行首席经济学家兼负责发展经济学的高级副行长,成为担此要职的发展中国家第一人。2012 年在世界银行的任期届满,返回北大,继续教学研究工作。
林毅夫现任全国政协常委、经济委员会副主任,国务院参事,全国工商业联合会专职副主席,曾任第十一届全国人大代表,第七至第十届全国政协委员,第十届全国政协经济委员会副主任。在国内外多个有关发展政策、农业和减贫的委员会、领导小组兼职。
林毅夫于1986 年获得美国芝加哥大学经济学博士学位,荣膺英国科学院外籍院士、发展中国家科学院(原名第三世界科学院)院士,并获得法国奥佛涅大学、美国福特汉姆大学、英国诺丁汉大学、香港城市大学、英国伦敦政治经济学院、香港科技大学、加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学和比利时鲁汶大学的荣誉博士学位。

书籍目录

第一讲 中国经济发展的机遇与挑战
第二讲 李约瑟之谜与中国的兴衰
第三讲 近代的屈辱和社会主义革命
第四讲 赶超战略和传统经济体制
第五讲 “东亚奇迹”与可供替代的发展战略
第六讲 农村改革及相关问题
第七讲 城市改革及遗留问题
第八讲 国有企业改革
第九讲 金融改革
第十讲 中国的增长是否真实与社会主义新农村建设
第十一讲 完善市场体系,促进公平与效率统一,实现和谐发展
第十二讲 危机后的世界经济形势和我国未来经济发展
第十三讲 新古典经济学的反思与总结
附录一 经济增长与制度变迁
附录二 前现代社会中国人均收入水平长期保持不变和人口众多之谜
附录三 全球经济失衡、储备货币及全球经济治理
附录四 我为什么不支持资本账户完全开放
附录五 我与杨小凯和张维迎到底争论什么

作者简介

《解读中国经济(增订版)》是解读中国经济最权威著作,总结了中国与其他国家、地区经济发展和改革活动的经验,提出了一个经济发展和转型的一般理论,并以此理论分析中国在改革和发展过程中取得的各项成就,面临的主要经济、社会问题,探讨其原因和解决问题的办法。书中用通俗的语言和生动的实例,系统地回顾了中国经济的发展历程与改革经验,深入浅出地讲解了中国经济发展的热点问题。新版新增了对最新经济形势的分析与预测,并就“资本账户”和“林张之争”等热点问题做出了重要评论。


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精彩书评 (总计3条)

  •     朋友从日企离职,抱怨现在在华日企里,日本人恶心,中国人狗腿,整体萧条一片,我只好安慰她,你看日本经济从90年代之后不就没好过嘛。上世纪80年代开始,日本经济高速发展到骤然衰落,其中有很多值得深思的原因,无论是内部的问题还是外来的危机,对于研究中国经济的发展都是一个很好的反面教材。了解经济发展背后的逻辑,才能避开大型致命的危机,使经济长效稳定的发展。本书内容并不艰深,相反的,非常平易近人。在前言里,林教授描述了一位给领导开车的司机,在读完这本书后也能与他们侃侃而谈,就可以看出林教授功底深厚。只有真正了解了经济背后运行的逻辑,才能将这些现象深入浅出的解释,使平常人也能无障碍的理解。李约瑟之谜,是书中占了一定篇幅的内容。所谓李约瑟之谜,是指古代中国一直处于一个经济地位较高的国家,却在短短的时间内突然落后于欧洲的原因之谜。显然工业革命为欧洲经济发展带来了一个飞跃,但工业革命为何没有发生在经济基础相对更好一些的中国呢?书中介绍了诸如文化决定论、国家竞争假说、专利保护说、高水平均衡陷阱假说等学术观点。结合这些观点,林教授有他自己的看法。“对做学问来说,指出现有理论的不足只是第一步,更重要的是能否在总结现有理论的基础之上提出一个能合理解释同样现象的新理论。”这也是我们在阅读本书时的宗旨,并非偏听偏信,而是通过信息的罗列获得新知。关于中国经济增长是否是真实的,我想这是很多人的疑问。鉴于独特的经济体制、政府在其中不可估量的作用,我们很难套用国外的例子来推演最后的结果。按照通常来说,通货紧缩一般伴随着经济的零增长或负增长,而中国在通货紧缩时期经济增长速度达到年均7.8%,这就足以证明中国经济是一场走钢丝般的探索,稳定的走下去就是成功,但未知的危险随时都会到来。探究中国通货紧缩的根本原因,就是发现并非是通常的需求突然下降,而是供给突然增加。生产能力的全面扩张,使得生产能力过剩,因而造成通货紧缩。这是鉴于我国的特殊国情所造成的不同境况。了解了这背后的原由,就能理解中国经济发展的数字,所有的不合情理都需要尝试去理解。资本账户的开放是当下非常热门的议题,林教授反对资本账户的完全开放,他认为开放的过程是一个很难逾越的门槛,“如果这个门槛逾越不好,很可能使原本发展很好的经济突然发生崩溃性危机。”通过对资本账户开放三领域的利弊分析,才能做出最合适的选择。本书对一些人们密切关注的经济问题做出深入浅出的解答,包括中国经济的增长是否真实、高速增长能否维持等、从历史发展中探究原因,通过国内外不同时期发生的经济状况进行对比,了解经济背后的逻辑,才能对中国经济做出正确的解读,而能否在现有的解读中得到自己的见解才是更重要的事。
  •     Lin, Justin, 2014, “Demystifying the Chinese Economy”, Peking University Press1.Lin defines backward advantages as: developing countries could speed up development by importing advanced technology instead of R&D by themselves which tends to be prohibitively costly. Current Chinese GDP per capita relative to US is like those of Japan in 1950s, Taiwan in 1970s and Korea in late 1970s. Such a gap in GDP per capita implies a huge technology gap and thus a huge technology import potential. So Lin is famously optimistic about Chinese economy in the next 20 years. But Lin also notes that there are a series of social, economic and institutional problems.2.Is Chinese rapid growth realistic? Some people such as Rawski argue that the Chinese growth might be false since the growth often accompanies deflation and declining energy consumptions. Lin’s explanation: the deflation is due to supply increase and energy has been used increasingly efficiently. A related question is how to deal with industrial capacity excess: (1)reduce constrains on foreign and private investments, (2)develop consumer finance, (3)stimulate demand from people living in villages who can afford but fail to buy many things due to absence of complementary infrastructures, e.g. electricity network is a prerequisite for using refrigerators.3.The Joseph Needham puzzle: (1) why China had a world leading technology in pre-modern times, (2) but in modern times it lags far behind in technology. Lin refutes a few famous explanations in that each of them only explains (1) or (2) but not both. Lin’s explanation: pre-modern technology stands on practical experiments largely in agriculture sector and ancient China had more people and more agricultural activities both in frequency and diversity; post-modern technology stands on basic science and scientific experiments which, except the past decades, were largely absent from China because the Chinese imperial examination system and related value system divert intellectuals from curiosity of the nature.4.Why socialism were welcomed in China in early 20th century: (1) major capitalist countries, though admired by most Chinese then, also humiliated China during 19th century; (2) the Soviet Union at its beginning cancelled all unequal treaties between China and Russia; (3) in 1930s, the Soviet Union economic development was undoubtedly charming to the outsiders.5.The sin of Chinese economy between 1949 and 1979 is mainly its heavy industry oriented catch-up strategy, which also prevailed in many non-socialist countries. To support a rapid growth of the heavy industry sector in a poor agricultural country with its factor endowment incompatible to the capital intensive economy, many distortions are required. That’s why we see artificial low interest rates, the overvalued exchange rate of domestic currency, suppressed factor and resource prices as well as very low prices for necessary goods especially various agricultural goods. These distortions lead to shortage which consequently entails a planning economy to allocate. Besides, if the country let firm owners invest as their own wish, then capitals would flow into light industries where returns were high. So private ownership were cancelled. Furthermore, due to these distortions, manager with autonomy would benefit themselves at the expense of country and at the same time it was hard to evaluate management outcomes, so the autonomy was also erased. To support heavy industry development, agricultural production and goods prices were tightly controlled. Agriculture was collectivized to centralize control as well as to explore economy of scale. Heavy industries absorbed limited labors but at the same time urban life was highly subsidized, so the country carried out hukou system to limit migration from rural to urban areas.6.Lin explains the 1959-1961 agriculture crisis as following. Before 1958, agriculture productivity increased due to collectivization. After 1958 and before reform, peasants were not allowed to withdraw from collectivized production units, and then without punishment on shirk, agricultural production stayed low, even though the country took measures to increase incentives and agricultural investments.7.The center of Lin’s ideasA firm is viable if it earns normal profits in a free, open and competitive market with subsidy. Industries with viable firms must comply with the comparative advantage of a country which is defined by the country’s factor endowment. If a country develops industries consistent with its factor endowment, more surplus will be accumulated and people are more eager to invest. As the country gets wealthy, its factor endowment is endogenously changed and it’s efficiency improving for resources to move from old industries to new ones consistent with the new factor endowment. These are why Asian Tigers performed well while China and other countries (not necessary socialist countries) with heavy industry oriented catch-up strategies failed. For economic activities to be consistent with the endogenously changing factor endowment, the market mechanism is necessary. Lin also emphasizes the role played by government in information collection, public good provision, social and economic coordination and tax/subsidy externalities. According to Lin, this is especially the case for developing countries for which developed countries’ experience and technology been available to import and information collection with its external effects should be subsidized or provided as public goods.8.According to Krugman, the eastern Asian growth has been mainly due to factor investment instead of increasing TFP. According to Lin, Krugman’s regression using Solow residuals to proxy TFP is not proper to understand many developing where technology advance comes hand in hand with capital accumulated by importing foreign capitals. 9.The core of reforming Chinese agriculture is to develop industries consistent with factor endowments. If labor-intensive industries absorb many agriculture labors and at the same time supply agricultural machinery, then less peasants left would produce more efficiently with modern machinery and economy of scale, as well as sell well with increased demand due to the absorption. 10.SOE bear policy burdens: social burdens such as supporting the government with economic means and absorb labors for social stability, and strategic burdens for industries inconsistent with the factor endowment but important for national security. These burdens together with information asymmetry lead to SOE seeking subsidies and monopoly position more but substantiate their own competence less. Soft budget constraints and a series of unfair and inefficient phenomena thus result. These include the various distortions mentioned in Point 4, such as distortions in factor markets and financial institutions, etc. Thus reforming SOE is of central importance to Lin and also one of the hardest parts of future reform. Even if the country suddenly privatizes SOE, due to SOE lacking viability as defined in the above 6 and consideration for basic social stability, things would not go well. So the way out is not a simple privatization but peeling off policy burdens at first. To peel off, Lin proposes: (1) government directly supervises the firms with national strategic importance which should be less in amounts; (2) capital intensive firms with a large domestic market but hardly profitable due to inconsistency with Chinese current factor endowment could choose to cooperate with foreign enterprises and thus directly utilize foreign capital and technology; (3) those without a substantial domestic market but with sufficient human capital could transfer themselves into civil use production that is consistent with the factor endowment; (4) those without advantages in human capital or market should go bankruptcy.11.The financial reform hinges t the SOE reform. Because large national banks are conducive to supporting capital intensive heavy industries and easier to be manipulated to subsidy SOE, Chinese financial system is dominated by large banks. Besides, the Chinese stock market to some sense is a way to subsidize SOE. So to reduce distortion and develop according to the comparative advantage, small-medium local banks and financial institutions that are more helpful to small-medium and relatively labor intensive industries should be encouraged or at least not be suppressed. The rationale is small-medium local financial institutions tend to have information and cost advantage when dealing with small-medium local firms which usually do not have a huge borrow in one round as a big SOE does.12.Development according to comparative advantages helps solve equality and efficiency at one shot. Here Lin also connects to the literature on inseparability between distribution and efficiency. From above we have seen the efficiency argument, his rationale for the equality part: firstly, moving from a heavy industry oriented economy to a more labor intensive economy increases employment and wages; secondly, development according to endogenously changing factor endowment reduces subsidies, distortions and monopolies, and consequently reduces inequality.13.For many Lin’s explanations and policy advices to work well, there, I think to some degree, needs to be a benevolent, though not omnipotent, ruling house.
  •     前几天,应北京大学出版社编辑的邀请,答应写一篇林毅夫《解读中国经济》一书的书评,因为拖延症的缘故,一直没有动笔,恰逢周末,从北京溜达一圈回来,再次翻起这本书,趁着阅读的快感,写完这本书的书评。  关于中国经济的问题,这个简单而沉重的话题在任何时候都显得无奇纠结。任何试图以西方经济学理论推导中国经济问题最终走向死胡同,但是单纯从中国国情出发的话,也难以勾勒出中国经济的未来。那么,该从何种角度来解读中国经济呢?  《解读中国经济》一书是著名经济学家林毅夫卸任世行副行长,重新回归北大课堂的第一本书,该书是林毅夫教授历时多年对开设《解读中国经济》课程的讲义,以通俗易懂,深入浅出地将经济学理论与中国实践结合在一起,全书“主要探讨了中国在近代由盛转衰的原因,以及此后几代中国知识分子为复兴民族大业所作的努力、所遭遇的挫折和取得的成就,并分析了中国未来发展的潜力和可能。”  首先,从最著名的李约瑟问题为入点,分析为什么近代工业革命没有在中国诞生?林毅夫从现有理论和对技术、技术文明和技术变迁的理解,分析得出由于科举制度所产生的激励机制妨碍中国人对数学和可控制实验这种后天生能力的学习,因此也无法实现以经验为主的技术变迁方式向科学为指导的实验方式进行转变。  这就决定中国经济走向没落的深渊,尽快后来有先进人士推崇洋务运动、君主立宪制,但此时已回力无天,众多的丧权辱国的条约最终导致清王朝的灭亡,不久之后十月革命的号角在中国大地唱响,社会主义在中国生根发芽。毛泽东的重农政策与蒋介石的精英政治的斗争取得胜利。但随后的苏联社会主义政策并没有让中国经济腾飞,这与社会主义本身的政治意识有很大的关联。事实证明计划经济对市场没有积极性,对生产率和创新都有很大的约束力。林毅夫在本书中详细分析了建国以来至改革开放的那段农业经济史,对于非历史专业的读者,相信对这段历史的认识的人不多,从某种角度来说,可以说是宣传的禁区。关于这一点,本书可以说是了解中国近现代史的课外补充教材。在本书中,林毅夫并没有深究这段历史背后的原因,但其思路展开了从互助组、小合作社、高级合作社和人民公社到家庭责任承包制的农业组织结构对农业政策的改革提供新思维,实践表明,农业是一切产业的基础和核心,林毅夫还专门就农业问题展开对三农问题的讨论。邓小平的改革开始实际上也是从农业政策为切入点,承包制和个体户的诞生对商品的自由流动起到了很大作用。  当中国正在改革开放的浪潮时,亚洲四小龙却抢先一步成为全球经济的新兴力量。依据林毅夫的分析,东亚国家的崛起表明,缩小与发达国家的产业、技术差距和要素禀赋结构的差价,在市场经济的基础上按照比较优势发展,同时政府在政策上创造好外部环境,利用后发优势,发展中国家可以赶上发达国家。  中国经济问题实质上就是三农问题、城镇改革、金融改革、分配机制等问题的综合,弄清这些问题的本源才可以对中国过去经济变迁的基本认识。在本书中,绝大多篇幅都是谈论这方面的问题。最后,也是绝大多数读者关注的焦点,中国经济的未来趋势?对这方面的问题,实际上很少有经济学家直面回答(关于房市的谈论,近年来许多经济学家变得谨慎)、甚至不愿回答(尤其是金融危机之后,包括欧美著名经济学家)。笔者认为,一方面是网络舆论导向,另一方面源缘于经济学理论本身的缺陷(因此有人怀疑现代经济学理论的失灵)。林毅夫给出的答案是,依据东亚经济体的经验,中国还有20年的高速增长期。笔者个人认为,依据当前经济形势,中国保8%的增长率不可能达到20年。  

精彩短评 (总计28条)

  •     比较优势解释得很透彻
  •     我明白了李约瑟之谜是因为中国没有科学革命,为什么没有出现科学革命——没需要;我明白了新中国初期为什么老百姓那么穷——短缺经济;我明白了人民公社用博弈论解释的前后一致——关键在于是否可以退社自由;我也明白了改革开发三十年不得不牺牲公平的逻辑,所以老百姓只能等待?等待政府终于可以腾出手来想到人民的福祉?中央台已经在问:你幸福吗?说明国家是在意人民幸福的,但是现在的现实是地方上财务还是不宽裕,于是卖地推高房价发展经济调整结构,收入分配只能每年增加了500元来缓解矛盾,农民受损的利益只是用流转土地来纾解?流转土地也是为了生财罢了,公平和欧式社会主义的幸福生活看来还要等待很久。再有三十年够不够?如果是28年一个阶段,再过28年中国有足够经济基础,社会保障完善,那么女儿这一代人真的是不用太努力。
  •     从技术推动社会进步的前提出发,运用比较优势理论,对中国经济的现状、过去和未来进行了展现和分析。
  •     思路决定出路:从自我启蒙、自我教育出发,思考自我内部逻辑的自洽和推论是否与现实一致;历史的构成因素总会悄然变化,没有放之四海皆准的方法与模式;国家顶层战略往往会衍生出诸多与其相配合的制度,需要追根溯源!
  •     我们不仅需要学习凯恩斯、萨缪尔森、哈耶克、米塞斯、曼昆等等经济学大师著作,也要立足实际,解放思想、实事求是并不是一句空话。
  •     提出通过了解要素禀赋结构采用比较优势渐进发展经济的思路, 书中提出企业自生能力概念,并认为中国采用双轨制发展的主要原因是大型国企没有自生能力,解决问题的关键是剥离政策性负担,这忽略了已固化利益阶层的改革阻力,显得有点乐观。总体来说,本书提供了一个新的视角解释新中国经济发展的历程,比作者的《从西潮到东风》更具价值,可以对比科斯的《变革中国》一起阅读
  •     一方面,作者對前三十年的趕超戰略缺乏同情之理解,當時的國際環境、地緣政治以及社會主義運動等因素考慮太少;況且前三十年的經濟建設可能比作者想像的更重要,更具有戰略意義,在這方面還是國家領導更清醒,不能用後三十年否定前三十年。另一方面,作者對市場過於理想化。作者提出基於要素稟賦的比較優勢,認為中國充分利用該優勢能夠實現趕超和更平等的分配,其前提是能反映資源配置的敏感的價格體系。但這恰恰是基於完全競爭市場,而現實中並不存在,任何一經濟體的市場中都充斥著各種權力,資本的、政治的,等等。林被認為是最具影響力的當代中國經濟學者之一,從該書中可以明顯看出中國經濟學者的兩大弱點:一是缺乏政治經濟學的視野;二是對中國作為一個大國這個論斷太缺乏深入思考。大國這個變量有時足以顛覆一些經濟學理論。
  •     部分观点说服力不强,整体而言逻辑清晰,不错。
  •     祝林老师早日升职
  •     不愧是当过世界银行副行长的经济学博士,对中国的宏观经济讲解很详细。希望自己也能站在他一样的高度去看中国的宏观经济,也能像他一样有逻辑地思考。
  •     读本书前对林毅夫先生的很多观点不理解甚至持相反看法,看完后才发现林先生的经济学研究真的做到了斯密倡导的对现象的“性质和原因的研究”。本书真正做到了解析并读懂中国经济,同时认为经济学理论随着社会制度和性质的变化也会发生变化。最难得的是,除了林的观点,各种经济现状都给出了世界上的其它主流观点的解读,让读者有自己思考的空间,而不是单纯给读者灌输自己的新结构经济学。
  •     了解我所生活的时代与国家。
  •     。
  •     读的有点潦草,以后再看一遍
  •     第三遍读毕。书读百遍,其义自现,此言不虚也。
  •     读完了,几点体会。本书的关键词:赶超战略、自生产能力,比较优势 ,双轨制,遗留的社会负担,转型经济等。应该说,林毅夫的学养应该胜过最近和他辩论的张维迎,这必须承认 。对建国至改革开放的经济政策解读和得失评论,这本书是最好的。但,对于目前如何的评价和建议,林教授就是抓住东欧苏联也不成功,社会负担很重,不能改变社会制度和政策。实际上,如果通读认真领会这本书前半部分,读者应该知道,林毅夫是知道问题所在的,但可能因主客观原因,不便以前半部分中的主要逻辑往下推论了,只能以与杨小楷凯,张维迎辩论的方式,将可以继续推论的部分自我否定,向有关方面表示自己与杨、张等人是不一致的。这就就是精致的功利主义。
  •     大格局,搭框架。
  •     写得的确是好,有一套完整的理论体系,比张维迎的《市场的逻辑》要好。
  •     受益匪浅
  •     不枯燥已是很好,很多东西豁然开朗.
  •     第十三讲是全书内容的浓缩。核心概念:要素禀赋结构,比较优势,企业自生能力。P355现代经济增长的本质是技术的不断创新、产业的不断升级以不断提高劳动生产率的水平,以及与产业、技术相适应的基础设施和制度的不断完善以降低交易费用的结构不断变迁的过程。
  •     读完对中国经济会有简单的了解,计划与市场的博弈在中国发生
  •     不太赞同作者的国家要实行“产业政策”,选择并扶持相关产业的论点。我觉得,国家应该做的是支持基础理论研究,而不是支持相关行业或企业。另外,关于企业自生能力的提出和解释,感觉略显牵强。
  •     哈哈哈哈应付考博主观题用的.
  •     写的简单明了,很有逻辑,很期待张维迎在《市场的逻辑》中的自辨。我需要写篇文章理一理思路。
  •     4.5
  •     5 meses
  •     从叛逃军官到世行行长...不管作者的过去,他对经济的解读倒是深入浅出,很好理解。
 

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