美国医师执照考试

章节摘录

版权页：   插图：   Ⅰ Carbobydrate Digestion and Absorption A.Dietary carbohydrate is digested in the mouth and intestine and absorbed from the small intestine. B.Disaccharides (e.g.,sucrose,lactose),oligosaccharides (e.g.,dextrins),and polysaccha-rides (e.g.,starch) are cleaved into monosaccharides (e.g.,glucose,fructose). 1.Starch,the storage form of carbohydrate in plants,is hydrolyzed to maltose,mal-totriose,and α-limit dextrins by the enzyme α-amylase in saliva and pancreatic juice. 2.Disaccharides and oligosaccharides are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides by enzymes on the surface of epithelial cells in the small intestine. C.MONOSACCHARIDES are absorbed directly by carrier-mediated transport.These sug-ars (primarily glucose) travel via the portal vein to the liver for: 1.Oxidation to CO2 and H2O for energy 2.Storage as glycogen 3.Conversion to triglyceride (fat) 4.Release into the general circulation (as glucose) Ⅱ Glycogen Metabolism Glycogen,the storage form of carbohydrate in the human body,is found chiefly in the liver and muscle (Figure 5-1). A.GLYCOGENESIS (glycogen synthesis) 1.Uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-glucose) is the activated substrate. 2.The enzyme glycogen synthase adds glucosyl units to the nonreducing ends of existing chains in α-1,4 linkages. 3.The branching enzyme (amylo (1→4) to (1→6) transglycosylase) moves pieces that contain about seven glucose residues from the nonreducing ends of the chains to the interior and creates branches with α-1,6 linkages. B.GLYCOGENOLYSIS (glycogen breakdown) 1.The enzyme phosphorylase releases units of glucose I-phosphate from the nonre-ducing ends one at a time. 2.The enzyme phosphoglucomutase converts the glacose 1-phosphate to glucose &phosphate. 3.A bifunctional debranching enzyme (4:4-transferase and amylo-l,6-glucosidase)releases glucose residues from the α-1,6 bonds at the branch points.

内容概要

作者：（美国）威儿科克斯（R.Bruce Wilcox）

书籍目录

Preface Acknowledgments 1 Acid-Base RElationships Ⅰ.Acidic dissociation Ⅱ.Measures of acidity Ⅲ.Buffers Ⅳ.Acid-base balance Ⅴ.Acid-base disorders Ⅵ.Clinical relevance:diabetic ketoacidosis 2 Amino Acids and Proteins Ⅰ.Functions of proteins Ⅱ.Proteins as polypeptides Ⅲ.Protein structure Ⅳ.Protein solubility and R-groups Ⅴ.Protein denaturation Ⅵ.Clinical relevance 3 Enzaymes Ⅰ.Energy relationships Ⅱ.Free-energy change Ⅲ.Enzymes as biological catalysts Ⅳ.Michaelis-Menten equation Ⅴ.Lineweaver-Burk equation Ⅵ.Enzyme regulation Ⅶ.Clinical relevance:methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning 4 Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation Ⅰ.Cellular energy and adenosine triphosphate Ⅱ.Citric acid cycle Ⅲ.Products of the citric acid cycle(one revolution) Ⅳ.Syntheic function of the citric acid cycle Ⅴ.Regulation of the citric acid cycle Ⅵ.Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation Ⅶ.Chemiosmotic hypothesis Ⅷ.Clinical relevance 5 Carbohydrate Metabolism Ⅰ.Carbohydate digestion and absorption Ⅱ.Glycogen metabolism Ⅲ.Glycolysis Ⅳ.Gluconeogenesis Ⅴ.Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Ⅵ.Pentose phosphate pathway Ⅶ.Sucrose and lactose metabolism 6 Lipid Metabolism Ⅰ.Lipid function Ⅱ.Lipid digestion Ⅲ.Lipoprotein transport and metabolism Ⅳ.Oxidation of fatty acids Ⅴ.Fatty acid synthesis Ⅵ.Glycerolipid synthesis Ⅶ.Sphingolipid synthesis Ⅷ.Cholesterol synthesis Ⅸ.Clinical relevance 7 Amino Acid Metabolism Ⅰ.Functions of amino acids Ⅱ.Removal of amino acid nigrogen Ⅲ.Urea cycle and detoxification of NH+4 Ⅳ.Carbon skeletons of amino acids Ⅴ.Clinical relevance:inherited (inborn) errors of amino metabolism 8 Nucleotide Metabolism Ⅰ.Nucleotide structure Ⅱ.Nucleotide function Ⅲ.Purine nucleotide synthesis Ⅳ.Pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis Ⅴ.Deoxyribonucleotide synthesis Ⅵ.Nucleotide degradation Ⅶ.Clinical relevance 9 Nutrition Ⅰ.Energy needs Ⅱ.Macronutrients Ⅲ.Micronutrients:the fat-soluble vitamins Ⅳ.Micronutrients:the water-soluble vitamins Ⅴ.Minerals 10 Gene Expression Ⅰ.Genetic information Ⅱ.DNA and RNA:nucleic acid structure Ⅲ.DNA synthesis (replication) Ⅳ.Transcription Ⅴ.Translation (protein synthesis) Ⅵ.Mutations 11 Biochemical Technology Ⅰ.Protein purification Ⅱ.Protein analysis Ⅲ.DNA analysis Ⅳ Cloning of recombinant DNA and protein Ⅴ.Clinical relevance 12 Hormones Ⅰ.Overview Ⅱ.Classification of hormones Ⅲ.Mechanisms of hormone action Ⅳ.Hormones that regulate fuel metabolism Ⅴ.Hormones that regulate salt and water balance Ⅵ.Hormones that regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism Ⅶ.Hormones that regulate body size and metabolism Ⅷ.Hormones that regulate the male reproductive system Ⅸ.Hormones that regulate the female reproductive system Ⅹ.Clinical relevance:diabetes mellitus Index

编辑推荐

《美国医师执照考试:High-Yield生物化学(第3版)(英文)》是参加美国医师执照考试的必备辅导用书，也可作为我国医学院校从事双语教学的教材和参考用书，对教师进行英语授课，学生学习、参加考试具有重要的参考价值。

作者简介

《美国医师执照考试:High-Yield生物化学(第3版)(英文)》内容高度概括，重点突出，有利于读者快速掌握学科的核心知识。编排新颖，既有基础知识要点的介绍，又有以疾病为核心的综合归纳，并体现了相关学科的横向联系。语言规范、地道，既有利于读者快速掌握专业词汇，又有利于医学英语思维的培养。

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