《二战简史》章节试读

《二战简史》的笔记-第91页 - 一

译文错误不多，较明显的是这一处：
前言XIV：几百万波兰人西迁到西里西亚半岛和鲁尔工业区。
按：德国的西里西亚地区深在内陆，它在当时的地图上的确看上去像半岛，因为是个伸出来的“舌头”状，不知作者原文是否是peninsula，如果是，那也只是个形容词，并不真的是半岛，译成中文似应变换一下行文，或加上引号
p.91：苏联在短时间内做了一个非同寻常的决定，将相当规模的工业撤到了乌拉尔河以东：应是“乌拉尔山”
p.214：丘吉尔鼓动英军侵占土耳其海岸线以西的多个面积广大、风景优美的岛屿，尤其以罗兹岛面积为最大：Rhodes Island是罗德岛
p.240：就在帝国行将覆灭之时，希特勒的死忠者仍然控制着局势，希特勒也枪毙了试图逃跑的妹夫：此人是Hermann Fegelein，娶了希特勒妻子艾娃•布劳恩的妹妹，因此应说是“连襟”

《二战简史》的笔记-第八章 西线与东线 - 第八章 西线与东线

#2241
（1944年东线，8月，华沙起义）
到7月底，德军成功地守住了拉脱维亚的里加市。8月，德军甚至能够在维尔纽斯（7月8日陷落）附近发起反击。作为东欧犹太人的精神家园，同时也是天主教的巴洛克艺术殿堂，在二战爆发之前，维尔纽斯这座历史名城已经在波兰人的统治之下走过了20年的光阴。此时，为了赶在苏军到来之前夺取这座城市，年轻的波兰人发起了反抗，结果却遭到了德国人的屠杀。苏军占领维尔纽斯后，这些波兰人又遭到了苏联人的屠杀。与此同时，苏军在南部发起了进攻。经过两天的战斗，苏军于7月27日贡献了比亚韦斯托克，苏军也曾在这里遭遇惨败。从7月18日到8月2日，苏军在康斯坦丁•罗科索夫斯基率领下逐渐逼近华沙。7月21日，苏军抵达布格河，并与8月2日夺去了维斯图拉河对岸的桥头堡。
By the end of July, Riga in Latvia was holding out, and in August, the Germans were even able to counter-attack near Vilna, which had fallen on 8 July. There was a sad postscript to twenty years’ Polish rule of that great historic city, the spiritual centre of the eastern Jews, and also of the Catholic baroque. Young Poles rose in revolt to seize it before the Russians arrived, were slaughtered by the Germans, and later by the Soviets, 【and were buried outside the great cemetery with crosses made of rusting iron bars.】 Meanwhile, an attack developed in the south, and Bialystok, also the scene of earlier catastrophe, fell on 27 July, after two days of fighting; between 18 July and 2 August, Konstantin Rokossovsky moved on Warsaw, reaching the Bug on 21 July and seizing Vistula bridgeheads by 2 August.
……
德军对（华沙城）暴动进行了血腥的镇压，他们也使用了憎恨波兰人的乌克兰军队和波罗的海国家的军队。华沙近半被德军炸毁，暴动也归于失败。后来，德军坚守华沙，直到1945年1月。面对华沙城内的暴动，苏军借口补给线需要加强，坐视德军发动反扑。而且，他们甚至拒绝为帮助波兰人的英军飞机提供降落地点。事实上，斯大林乐于见到纳粹镇压波兰人（1940年，斯大林曾在卡廷森林等地屠杀1.5万名波兰人）。伦敦的波兰流亡政府犯了错误，它夸大了英军的力量，并拒绝在边界问题上向苏联做出任何让步。捷克人的做法与此不同，他们同莫斯科达成了协议，在东部割了一个省给苏联，后来捷克斯洛伐克复国，苏军便立即撤了出去。
But the Germans struck back, using Ukrainian and Baltic troops who hated the Poles, and, by dint of burning down a good third of the city, they crushed the rebellion and held on in Warsaw until January 1945. The Russians, arguing that they had outrun their supply lines, did nothing—and not only that, they refused to help British planes supply the Poles. The fact was that Stalin was quite happy for the Nazis to crush the Poles (as he had shown in 1940 and, massacring 15,000 Polish officers at Katyn and elsewhere, was even prepared to help out). The London Polish exile government was itself at fault, in that it overrated British strength and refused to concede any border change, whereas the Czechs made a deal with Moscow, handed over a province to the east, and gained in return a withdrawal of the Red Army as soon as Czechoslovakia was restored.
尽管共产党在1948年夺去了捷克斯洛伐克的政权，但是这与苏军占领波兰，直接扶植共产党政权的做法还是有所不同。不管怎么说，华沙的暴动失败了。解放后，整个城市满目疮痍，瓦砾遍地，只有外国使馆区和盖世太保占据的布里斯托尔酒店仍然完好。看到这番惨状，一些波兰知识界人士不仅把目光投向了东方，探寻启示。与波兰人相比，为什么苏联人反而更为成功？
That the country went Communist in 1948 was not as straightforward as was the process in Poland, where there was an occupation and 【a puppet government】. At any rate the Warsaw uprising was crushed, and when the city was liberated, it consisted of miles and miles of burned-out wrecks and rubble, with only the foreign embassies 【on the Aleje Ujazdowskie】 and the Gestapo-occupied Hotel Bristol still intact. Some Polish intellectuals, seeing this wreckage, looked to the new 【barbarian power】 to the east for inspiration. Why were the 【barbarian】 Russians more successful than the civilized Poles?

《二战简史》的笔记-第165页 - 第六章 狂热与憎恨，混乱与延误

实施轰炸行动的理由从来没有得到大多数人的认同，事实上也没有证明这是正确的。最后，支持这一行动的理由仅剩下两条。其一是，轰炸显著地搅乱了德国的经济。为了保卫自己的城市，盟军必须用数不清的飞机和大炮去攻打德国，它们大量从前线返回，尤其从苏联战场。然而，如果能对兵工厂和运输系统实施精确轰炸，使德国这不战争机器无法继续运转，那么盟军的目标一样可以实现。另一条理由与德国人的道德有关。罗马尼亚犹太人里昂内尔布洛赫在“二战”期间还是一个年轻人，后来，他去了伦敦，成为一位受人尊敬的法律界人士。在1941年，德军在欧洲战场摧枯拉朽之时，他看见德国士兵趾高气扬，目空一切。他当时说，要想让这些德国士兵回归常识和人性，唯一的办法就是把成吨的高爆炸弹直接扔到他们的头顶上。这么做的效果无法验证，但在当时，德国人所受到的憎恶确实非常强烈。

《二战简史》的笔记-第九章 结局 - 第九章 结局

#2586
得知希特勒（自杀）死后，（德国）总理府里的办公人员开始播放爵士乐，点燃香烟，这些都是希特勒生前所严令禁止的行为。几十万德军俘虏开赴苏联，很多人再也没有回来（在希特勒藏身地堡里的人直到1955年才被放归，他们遭受了严刑拷打，因为苏联负责安全工作的拉夫连季•贝利亚不确定希特勒是否真的已经自杀）。5月7日，德国在法国兰斯签署无条件投降书，第二天在柏林近郊再次向包括苏联在内的所有同盟国成员正式投降。
When it was known that Hitler was dead, the secretaries and adjutants in the Chancellery put on jazz and lit cigarettes—forbidden in Hitler’s presence. Hundreds of thousands of German prisoners marched off to the USSR, many never to return (and the bunker prisoners not until 1955, because they were tortured, the Soviet chief of security Lavrenty Beria not being sure that Hitler had not escaped). The final surrenders, one for the Allies, one for all forces, including the USSR, occurred on 8 and 9 May.

《二战简史》的笔记-第179页 - 第六章 狂热与憎恨，混乱与延误

总而言之，经过1942年底的大逆转后，形势已经发生了巨大的变化。然而，直到1944年，中欧才遭受到致命的攻击。如果盟军不对意大利投入那么多兵力，英国皇家空军轰炸机司令部的思维也不那么狭窄，这一天或许能提早一年到来。

《二战简史》的笔记-第261页

两次世界大战的重大区别在于对经济的认识。

《二战简史》的笔记-第110页

安东尼·比弗中肯地写道：许久以来，中日战争在第二次世界大战当中像是缺失的一部分。

《二战简史》的笔记-第一章 两次大战之间 - 第一章 两次大战之间

epub P25 eng. ==> kindle 458 chn.
这恐怕是被删最多的地方（不过原文的我也仅仅看了摘抄的这几段）。
1917年，共产主义者夺去了沙皇俄国的权力。他们用工人阶级的兄弟之情，打赢了内战，并开始改变以农民为主的俄国。在20世纪30年代早期，苏联实施了5年计划，而作出主要贡献的偏偏是德国的实业家。接着，苏联又迎来了10万名美国人，大部分是失业的技术工人。随后苏联爆发了所有国家中都未曾出现过的混乱。3/4的高级军官和2/3的苏联共产党中央委员会委员遭到逮捕、审判和杀害。与此同时，大量无辜民众也惨遭屠杀，令人匪夷所思。多年后他们的坟墓才被发现。这个所谓的应该捍卫工人阶级的领头羊同时也是阿道夫·希特勒的主要敌手。没人能理解当时到底是什么情况，时至今日，历史学家也无法很好地回答这个问题。
In 1917 the Communists had seized power, had proclaimed the brotherhood of the working class, had won a civil war, and set about the transformation of peasant Russia. 【The Revolution offered in the event only tyranny and starvation, in millions, and it survived only through parasitical relations with the West.】 Of all people, the German industrialists kept it under way in the early Thirties, when there was a Five-Year Plan. 【Under its terms, grain was taken away from peasant children and from the seed-reserves of the farms, and fed to German pigs; eight million Ukrainians died, some as the result of cannibalism, and in return German machinery arrived in Russia. After Hitler came in, these economic relations declined, 】but then the Americans took over- 100,000 of them, mainly engineers who were out of work. Then the Soviet Union went into the strangest paroxysm ever experienced by any country. Three-quarters of the senior officer corps, and then two-thirds of the Central Committee of the Communist Party were put on trial and murdered, an episode followed by weird massacres of innocents, their graves found much later. Yet here was the supposed champion of the world's industrial working classes, the arch-opponent of Adolf Hitler. No one could understand what was happening at the time, and historians have not done very well since.

《二战简史》的笔记-第62页 - 第二章 德军突进

在所有这一切背后，丘吉尔的身影巍然屹立，这正是他大放异彩的时刻。丘吉尔几乎得到了所有国民的支持，整个国家在他的领导下团结一致，共赴国难。丘吉尔说：“这是我们组辉煌的时刻。”但是，真正的希望恐怕只能落在美国的参战上，可这并不容易实现。美国的中立法是美国严格保持中立状态。很多美国人认为，由于美国东海岸的经济利益，美国面临被拖入战争的危险。富兰克林罗斯福总统束手无策。从理论上说，购买武器只能用现款支付，不能赊欠。英国在美国拥有大量投资和巨额财富，现在不得不低价出售，充作军费。然而，德军在大西洋部署了U型潜艇，使美国贸易深受威胁。罗斯福深知，一旦英国失陷，美国所面对的世界就只剩德国和苏联两大强国。此外，日本正在中国及压轴的其他地区扩张，而美国在这些地区拥有重大利益。于是，英国和美国这两个大西洋强国开始在法律所允许的额范围内展开合作。

《二战简史》的笔记-第八章 西线与东线 - 第八章 西线与东线

#2405
（1944年7月明斯克战役，德军惨败）
在莫斯科市中心，为了庆祝斯大林的胜利，9万德军战俘和包括4名军长在内的22名德国将军被游街示众。在这当中，很多人被吓得大便失禁。事后，这些俘虏经过的所有街道都被专门清洗了一遍。
About 90,000, with twenty-two captured generals, including four corps commanders 【(one of whom had deserted his own headquarters)】, were now marched through the centre of Moscow as a sign of Stalin’s triumph. Many were so scared that they lost control of their bowels, and the streets had to be specially cleaned.

《二战简史》的笔记-第九章 结局 - 第九章 结局

#2696
与第一次世界大战相比，第二次世界大战结束后遗留的问题更多。实际上，德国直到46年后的1991年才签订了真正的和平协议。1944年夏，“三巨头”在波茨坦会面解决德国问题，然而未能在重大议题上达成一致，他们甚至连德国东部边界都没能确定。德国政府并没有参与讨论，彼此的讨价还价只是在各个占领国之间进行，法国有时还站在苏联的一边。此后不久，冷战就浮出了水面。冷战勃发的标志性时点或许是1945年11月，当时，苏联对加入英美两国复兴世界经济的计划表示了拒绝。
The end of World War Two was even less neat than that of World War One. There was, in fact, no real German peace treaty for forty-six years, until 1991. An early attempt in the summer of 1944 was made at a German deal when the Big Three met at Potsdam, 【in a Sandringham-like residence that had been put up for the German crown prince in (of all dates) 1917.】 That meeting broke up without agreement on major matters, even on Germany’s new borders in the east. In any case there was no German government with which negotiations might have gone on: the occupying powers simply argued among themselves, the French sometimes taking the Soviet side. The Cold War got under way not long afterwards, and maybe the best symbolic date to choose as its start is November 1945, when the Soviets refused to join in Anglo-American plans for the resuscitation of the world’s economy.
两次世界大战的重大区别在于对经济的认识。尽管今天看起来显得难以理解，当时在1918年，欧洲的各国政府都在想方设法摧毁邻国的经济。乔治-亨利•苏图在1989年出版的《黄金与血液》(L’or er le sang)一书中详细地描述了这一画面。在一战结束后的一系列安排当中，这些意图部分地成为了现实——尤其在中东地区，一些国家和地区进行了合并；德国给予法国巨额赔款；德国海军和商船遭到没收，英国从中获利；比利时人甚至意图从荷兰手中夺取斯凯尔特河三角洲的一部分，以便促进安特卫普的贸易。在这一方面，美国人并不贪婪，但是，他们一方面想要从他们所投资的国家获取收益，另一方面却通过关税手段组织这些国家获利，这是没有见识的做法。在世界经济衰退的背景下，这一做法进一步登峰造极，使美国自身也深受其害，导致2500万人失业。二战过后，美国人终于认清了这一做法的危害，并宣布今后将不再重复过同样的错误。
One of the great differences between the two world wars is in the economic thinking that went on. Grotesque it now seems, but in 1918 the European capitals were full of plans to beggar neighbours. Georges-Henri Soutou in his 1989 book L’or et le sang made a long catalogue of these ponderings, and in the postwar settlement they came partly to fruition—new annexations, particularly in the Middle East; reparations to give German gold to France; confiscation of the German navy and merchant marine to favour the British; the Belgians even imagined that they should take over part of the Scheldt delta from the Dutch, to promote Antwerp’s trade. The Americans were not greedy in these respects, but they were blind in another—wanting their dollars back from nations whom they were also preventing, via tariffs, from earning any. These nonsenses culminated in a world slump, which came back to haunt the United States with twenty-five million unemployed. After World War Two, wise men took the point of all this and said: Never again.

《二战简史》的笔记-第38页 - 第二章 德军突进

在第二次世界大战当中，波兰是烈士，英国是勇士，美国是胜利者。与许多烈士一样，波兰也是主动地承担了这一角色。它可以选择做德国的盟友，那样的话，它或许能获得乌克兰西部的某些土地，比如波兰曾经统治过的基辅。然而，波兰的统治者坚定地与英法两国站在一起，以为它们还是1918年的胜利者。与波兰一样，英法两国都曾在1918年的分赃大会中获利颇丰，而俄国和德国却被排除在外。波兰人认为自己的国家是一个强国，是东欧的堡垒。他们已经看到发生在捷克人身上的事情。捷克作了很多让步，但最终还是在慕尼黑会议上遭到肢解。波兰人不愿重蹈覆辙，即便苏德两国已经签订了瓜分波兰的协议。他们认为英法两国会出动飞机和坦克把德国人迅速解决掉，因此他们拒绝做出哪怕一丁点儿让步。

《二战简史》的笔记-第56页 - 德军突进

敦刻尔克大撤退是一个不同寻常的时刻，它是以法国士兵的牺牲为代价换来的。法军负责掩护撤退，约18万人被俘。这时，英法两国都已经认识到，德国已经取得了胜利。6月14日，巴黎失守。马其诺防线被德国从后方攻克，毫发无损。6月22日，法德两国签订了停战协议。法国北部和西部被德国占领，其余部分成为了一个傀儡国家，首都设在温泉小城维系，以84岁的“一战”英雄贝当元帅为首。

《二战简史》的笔记-第3页 - 第一章

kindle #333
西班牙内战持续了3年，被希特勒用作了飞机轰炸的试验场。同时，斯大林也利用西欧主要国家之间的分歧获得了很多好处。他希望战争一直持续下去，当西班牙共和军显示出战败的迹象时，斯大林就向他们提供武器援助，而当他们显示出战胜的迹象时，他又下令停止援助。当西班牙的无政府主义者在巴塞罗那掀起一场名副其实的革命运动时，他又指使他忠诚的共产主义者对这次革命进行镇压。后来证明，1936年的险恶氛围是希特勒展开军事行动的绝佳时机。

《二战简史》的笔记-第七章 - 第七章

mobi #2165
曼施坦因说，苏联红军是一只多头蛇怪，刚砍下一个头，接着又会长出两个头。
(as Manstein said, the Red Army was a hydra, two heads grew for every one that was lopped off.)

《二战简史》的笔记-第八章 西线与东线 - 第八章 西线与东线

1943年，随着（共产主义者的）抵抗运动进一步升温，（法国）维希政府遭遇了一连串的叛变，法国的亲德分子迅速减少。现在共产主义者已经掌握了相当的势力。在意大利北部，他们一心想在德国人走后接手那里的政权。在德黑兰会议上，各方决定将波兰西移，波兰在东边失去了大约相当于《莫洛托夫-里宾特洛甫条约》划拨给前苏联的领土，同时在西边获得工业发达的德国领土。不久后，500万波兰人就将从东部赶到西部。很明显，在丘吉尔的纵容下，苏联对周边地区的影响力正在不断加大。1944年10月，丘吉尔飞赴莫斯科，开始就战后秩序问题展开讨论。
By 1943 resistance movements had grown, and collaborators disappeared as best they could: there were prominent defections from Vichy France. The Communists now controlled much, and in northern Italy were even set to take over when the Germans went. At Teheran it was agreed that Poland should be shifted to the west, losing roughly the same territories given to the USSR in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and being compensated in the west from German industry-rich territory; in time, five million Poles would be deported from east to west. The extension of Soviet influence to other lands became ever more likely, with Churchill’s connivance. He went to Moscow in October 1944 and arranged the deal.
英国非常需要希腊，因为它位于地中海东部，附近有苏伊士运河和中东在近海的油田，地理位置十分重要。后来，斯大林同意限制希腊共产党的发展。在夺取政权的希腊内战中，斯大林没有提供帮助，使希腊共产党最终失败。丘吉尔放弃了东欧的其他地区，除南斯拉夫外。他与苏联约定，双方的影响力各占50%。
The British really wanted Greece for their key position in the eastern Mediterranean, with the Suez Canal and Middle Eastern oil in the offing. Stalin agreed to rein in the Greek Communists, who were slaughtered when they tried to take power at the end of the war. Stalin did nothing to help them. The counterpart was that Churchill wrote off the rest of the region, except for Yugoslavia, where he agreed on a half-and-half split of influence.
南斯拉夫总统铁托的共产主义游击队随后得到了英国的大力支持。英国特别行动处派出人员长期活动在达尔马提亚的溶洞地区。（天主教小说家伊夫琳•沃当时在那里从事军事情报工作，目睹很多欺骗与残忍，令他非常厌恶，他把这些经历写进了他伟大的战争三部曲《荣誉之剑》[Sword of Honour]之中。他并不看好英国与南斯拉夫共产党的合作。后来发生了两件事，一件是斯大林与铁托在1948年决裂，；另一件是南斯拉夫最终在1991年解体。在南斯拉夫解体的过程中，英国外交部秘密地支持了塞尔维亚人。）
Tito’s Communist Yugoslav partisans were then given prodigious help by the British, whose Special Operations Executive (SOE) officers had the adventures of a lifetime in the Dalmatian karst (the novelist Evelyn Waugh, a Catholic, was there for military intelligence, and was repelled by the duplicity and cruelty he encountered, as shown in Sword of Honour, his great trilogy on the period. He had no illusions as to the collaboration of a part of the British establishment and the Yugoslav Communists, and it gave its fruits twice over—once when Stalin broke with Tito in 1948, and again when Yugoslavia eventually disintegrated in 1991: the Foreign Office gave sneaky support to the Serbs).
英美两国也获得了其他的利益。斯大林告知法国和意大利抵抗组织中的共产主义者不要参与夺取巴黎和米兰的权力。这本来很容易做到，但斯大林和法国领导人戴高乐（美国人不喜欢他）做了一笔交易。结果，戴高乐总统开始削弱英美在法国的经济和军事力量。在1968年，法国爆发了一场针对戴高乐的叛乱，共产主义者本可以推翻他，但莫斯科再次制止了他们的行动，因为戴高乐的影响比一个共产主义的政权的影响还要大。所有这一切都隐藏在1943年11月的德黑兰会议当中。【这句……茶叶。。。==】
But there were further gains for the Anglo-Americans, in that Stalin told the Communists in the French and Italian resistance not to seize power, whether in Paris or Milan, come liberation. They quite easily could have done. Stalin instead did a deal with the French leader, General Charles de Gaulle, whom he recognized before the Americans (who detested him). In the fullness of time, President de Gaulle was to weaken the Anglo-American financial and military system. In 1968 there was a rebellion in Paris against him, and the Communists could have toppled him, but Moscow again told them not to, because he was more useful to them than ever a Communist regime would have been. All of this was in the tea leaves at Teheran.

《二战简史》的笔记-第107页 - 第四章 珍珠港与北非战场

日本所豪赌的是，在遭受如此突然而惨重的失败之后，美国将同意与日本签订条约，允许日本在中国为所欲为。当时的英雄、日本联合舰队司令山本五十六并不认为这次袭击的决策是正确的。他了解美国人，知道他们最终会从一开始的混乱和迷茫当中走出来实施反击，他们永远不会忘记这一耻辱。毕竟，美国人的损失并没有达到他们一开始所设想的程度。美国的航空母舰要比战列舰重要得多，而且，由于日军发现航母不在港内，他们担心遭到反击，于是过早撤退，导致关键的海军基础设施（油料罐和造船厂）、潜艇和信号情报装置全都毫发无损。

《二战简史》的笔记-第八章 西线与东线 - 第八章 西线与东线

mobi #2283
此外，英国还向苏联做出了另一项让步，然而，这一次我们很难责备英国人【？==是说几乎没有引起反思吧】。在二战当中，几十万苏联人和南斯拉夫人自愿参加了德国军队，部分原因是为了逃避饥饿。二战即将结束时，英国人把苏联和南斯拉夫战俘交给了斯大林和铁托。随后，这些战俘遭遇了处决和常年监禁的厄运。三十多年后，亚历山大•索尔仁尼琴才把这一事实公之于众。在这件事上，美国人的做法要人道得多。他们虽然同意转交战俘，但实际上都把他们放走了。
There was one further British concession at this time, one that gave almost no cause for reflection. Hundreds of thousands of Soviet and Yugoslav citizens had volunteered for German service, in some cases to escape starvation. At the end of the war, the British handed them back to Stalin and Tito, to years of captivity or execution. Thirty years later, Alexander Solzhenitsyn told the world what had happened. In this matter, the Americans behaved humanely—agreeing to hand back the prisoners, but in practice letting them escape.