恒星结构与演化(第2版)(英文影印版)

内容概要

基彭汉(R. Kippenhahn)，德国哥廷根教授。

书籍目录

Part I The Basic Equations

1 Coordinates, Mass Distribution, and Gravitational Field

in Spherical Stars 3

11 Eulerian Description 3

12 Lagrangian Description 4

13 The Gravitational Field 6

2 Conservation of Momentum9

21 Hydrostatic Equilibrium9

22 The Role of Density and Simple Solutions 10

23 Simple Estimates of Central Values Pc； Tc 12

24 The Equation of Motion for Spherical Symmetry 13

25 The Non-spherical Case 15

26 Hydrostatic Equilibrium in General Relativity 15

27 The Piston Model 17

3 The Virial Theorem 19

31 Stars in Hydrostatic Equilibrium 19

32 The Virial Theorem of the Piston Model21

33 The Kelvin-Helmholtz Timescale 22

34 The Virial Theorem for Non-vanishing Surface Pressure 23

4 Conservation of Energy 25

41 Thermodynamic Relations 25

42 The Perfect Gas and the Mean MolecularWeight 28

43 Thermodynamic Quantities for the Perfect, Monatomic Gas 30

44 Energy Conservation in Stars31

45 Global and Local Energy Conservation33

46 Timescales35

5 Transport of Energy by Radiation and Conduction 37

51 Radiative Transport of Energy 37

511 Basic Estimates 37

512 Diffusion of Radiative Energy38

513 The Rosseland Mean for __ 40

52 Conductive Transport of Energy 42

53 The Thermal Adjustment Time of a Star43

54 Thermal Properties of the Piston Model 45

6 Stability Against Local, Non-spherical Perturbations47

61 Dynamical Instability 47

62 Oscillation of a Displaced Element 52

63 Vibrational Stability 54

64 The Thermal Adjustment Time 55

65 Secular Instability 56

66 The Stability of the Piston Model58

7 Transport of Energy by Convection61

71 The Basic Picture 62

72 Dimensionless Equations 65

73 Limiting Cases, Solutions, Discussion 66

74 Extensions of the Mixing-Length Theory 70

8 The Chemical Composition 73

81 Relative Mass Abundances 73

82 Variation of Composition with Time 74

821 Radiative Regions 74

822 Diffusion 76

823 Convective Regions 80

9 Mass Loss 83

Part II The Overall Problem

10 The Differential Equations of Stellar Evolution 89

101 The Full Set of Equations89

102 Timescales and Simplifications 91

11 Boundary Conditions93

111 Central Conditions 93

112 Surface Conditions95

113 Influence of the Surface Conditions and Properties of

Envelope Solutions 98

1131 Radiative Envelopes 98

1132 Convective Envelopes 101

1133 Summary102

1134 The T _r Stratification 102

12 Numerical Procedure 105

121 The ShootingMethod 105

122 The Henyey Method 106

123 Treatment of the First- and Second-Order Time Derivatives 113

124 Treatment of the Diffusion Equation 115

125 Treatment of Mass Loss 117

126 Existence and Uniqueness 118

Part III Properties of Stellar Matter

13 The Perfect Gas with Radiation123

131 Radiation Pressure123

132 Thermodynamic Quantities 124

14 Ionization127

141 The Boltzmann and Saha Formulae 127

142 Ionization of Hydrogen 130

143 Thermodynamical Quantities for a Pure Hydrogen Gas132

144 Hydrogen-HeliumMixtures 133

145 The General Case 135

146 Limitation of the Saha Formula 137

15 The Degenerate Electron Gas 139

151 Consequences of the Pauli Principle 139

152 The Completely Degenerate Electron Gas 140

153 Limiting Cases144

154 Partial Degeneracy of the Electron Gas 145

16 The Equation of State of Stellar Matter 151

161 The Ion Gas 151

162 The Equation of State 152

163 Thermodynamic Quantities 154

164 Crystallization 157

165 Neutronization158

166 Real Gas Effects 159

17 Opacity 163

171 Electron Scattering 163

172 Absorption Due to Free-Free Transitions 164

173 Bound-Free Transitions 165

174 Bound-Bound Transitions166

175 The Negative Hydrogen Ion 168

176 Conduction169

177 Molecular Opacities 170

178 Opacity Tables172

18 Nuclear Energy Production 175

181 Basic Considerations175

182 Nuclear Cross Sections 179

183 Thermonuclear Reaction Rates 182

184 Electron Shielding188

185 The Major Nuclear Burning Stages 192

1851 Hydrogen Burning 193

1852 Helium Burning 197

1853 Carbon Burning and Beyond 199

186 Neutron-Capture Nucleosynthesis 201

187 Neutrinos 205

Part IV Simple Stellar Models

19 Polytropic Gaseous Spheres 213

191 Polytropic Relations 213

192 Polytropic Stellar Models215

193 Properties of the Solutions 216

194 Application to Stars 218

195 Radiation Pressure and the Polytrope n D 3219

196 Polytropic Stellar Models with Fixed K 220

197 Chandrasekhar's Limiting Mass 221

198 Isothermal Spheres of an Ideal Gas 222

199 Gravitational and Total Energy for Polytropes 224

1910 Supermassive Stars 226

1911 A Collapsing Polytrope 227

20 Homology Relations 233

201 Definitions and Basic Relations 233

202 Applications to Simple Material Functions 237

2021 The Case ? D 0 237

2022 The Case ? D ? D ' D 1； a D b D 0 237

2023 The Role of the Equation of State 239

203 Homologous Contraction 241

21 Simple Models in the U-V Plane 243

211 The U-V Plane 243

212 Radiative Envelope Solutions246

213 Fitting of a Convective Core 248

214 Fitting of an Isothermal Core 250

22 The Zero-AgeMain Sequence 251

221 Surface Values251

222 Interior Solutions 254

223 Convective Regions 258

224 Extreme Values of M 260

225 The Eddington Luminosity 261

23 Other Main Sequences 263

231 The Helium Main Sequence 263

232 The Carbon Main Sequence 266

233 Generalized Main Sequences 267

24 The Hayashi Line 271

241 Luminosity of Fully ConvectiveModels272

242 A Simple Description of the Hayashi Line 273

243 The Neighbourhood of the Hayashi Line

and the Forbidden Region276

244 Numerical Results279

245 Limitations for Fully ConvectiveModels281

25 Stability Considerations 283

251 General Remarks 283

252 Stability of the Piston Model 285

2521 Dynamical Stability 285

2522 Inclusion of Non-adiabatic Effects 286

253 Stellar Stability288

2531 Perturbation Equations 289

2532 Dynamical Stability 290

2533 Non-adiabatic Effects 292

2534 The Gravothermal Specific Heat 293

2535 Secular Stability Behaviour of Nuclear Burning 294

Part V Early Stellar Evolution

26 The Onset of Star Formation 299

261 The Jeans Criterion 299

2611 An Infinite Homogeneous Medium299

2612 A Plane-Parallel Layer in Hydrostatic Equilibrium 302

262 Instability in the Spherical Case 303

263 Fragmentation 307

27 The Formation of Protostars311

271 Free-Fall Collapse of a Homogeneous Sphere 311

272 Collapse onto a Condensed Object 313

273 A Collapse Calculation 314

274 The Optically Thin Phase and the Formation

of a Hydrostatic Core 315

275 Core Collapse 317

276 Evolution in the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 320

28 Pre-Main-Sequence Contraction 323

281 Homologous Contraction of a Gaseous Sphere323

282 Approach to the Zero-Age Main Sequence326

29 From the Initial to the Present Sun 329

291 Known Solar Data329

292 Choosing the Initial Model 331

293 A Standard Solar Model 333

294 Results of Helioseismology 336

295 Solar Neutrinos 338

30 Evolution on the Main Sequence 343

301 Change in the Hydrogen Content343

302 Evolution in the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 346

303 Timescales for Central Hydrogen Burning 347

304 Complications Connected with Convection 348

3041 Convective Overshooting 349

3042 Semiconvection354

305 The Sch¨onberg-Chandrasekhar Limit 356

3051 A Simple Approach: The Virial Theorem

and Homology 358

3052 Integrations for Core and Envelope360

3053 Complete Solutions for Stars with Isothermal Cores 361

Part VI Post-Main-Sequence Evolution

31 Evolution Through Helium Burning: Intermediate-Mass Stars367

311 Crossing the Hertzsprung Gap 367

312 Central Helium Burning 371

313 The Cepheid Phase 375

314 To Loop or Not to Loop : : : 378

315 After Central Helium Burning 384

32 Evolution Through Helium Burning: Massive Stars 385

321 Semiconvection 385

322 Overshooting387

323 Mass Loss 389

33 Evolution Through Helium Burning: Low-Mass Stars 391

331 Post-Main-Sequence Evolution 391

332 Shell-Source Homology 392

333 Evolution Along the Red Giant Branch 397

334 The Helium Flash 401

335 Numerical Results for the Helium Flash 402

336 Evolution After the Helium Flash407

337 Evolution from the Zero-Age Horizontal Branch 410

Part VII Late Phases of Stellar Evolution

34 Evolution on the Asymptotic Giant Branch 417

341 Nuclear Shells on the Asymptotic Giant Branch417

342 Shell Sources and Their Stability419

343 Thermal Pulses of a Shell Source422

344 The Core-Mass-Luminosity Relation for Large Core Masses 424

345 Nucleosynthesis on the AGB 426

346 Mass Loss on the AGB 430

347 A Sample AGB Evolution433

348 Super-AGB Stars 436

349 Post-AGB Evolution 438

35 Later Phases of Core Evolution 439

351 Nuclear Cycles439

352 Evolution of the Central Region441

36 Final Explosions and Collapse 449

361 The Evolution of the CO-Core 450

362 Carbon Ignition in Degenerate Cores454

3621 The Carbon Flash 454

3622 Nuclear Statistical Equilibrium 455

3623 Hydrostatic and Convective Adjustment 458

3624 Combustion Fronts 459

3625 Carbon Burning in AccretingWhite Dwarfs 461

363 Collapse of Cores of Massive Stars 461

3631 Simple Collapse Solutions 462

3632 The Reflection of the Infall 465

3633 Effects of Neutrinos 466

3634 Electron-Capture Supernovae 469

3635 Pair-Creation Instability469

364 The Supernova-Gamma-Ray-Burst Connection 471

Part VIII Compact Objects

37 White Dwarfs 475

371 Chandrasekhar's Theory475

372 The Corrected Mechanical Structure 479

3721 Crystallization 480

3722 Pycnonuclear Reactions482

3723 Inverse ˇ Decays483

3724 Nuclear Equilibrium483

373 Thermal Properties and Evolution of White Dwarfs487

38 Neutron Stars 497

381 Cold Matter Beyond Neutron Drip 497

382 Models of Neutron Stars 501

39 Black Holes509

Part IX Pulsating Stars

40 Adiabatic Spherical Pulsations 519

401 The Eigenvalue Problem 519

402 The Homogeneous Sphere 523

403 Pulsating Polytropes 525

41 Non-adiabatic Spherical Pulsations529

411 Vibrational Instability of the Piston Model 529

412 The Quasi-adiabatic Approximation 531

413 The Energy Integral 532

4131 The _ Mechanism 534

4132 The " Mechanism 534

414 Stars Driven by the _ Mechanism: The Instability Strip535

415 Stars Driven by the " Mechanism541

42 Non-radial Stellar Oscillations 543

421 Perturbations of the Equilibrium Model 543

422 Normal Modes and Dimensionless Variables 545

423 The Eigenspectra548

424 Stars Showing Non-radial Oscillations 552

Part X Stellar Rotation

43 The Mechanics of Rotating Stellar Models557

431 Uniformly Rotating Liquid Bodies 557

432 The Roche Model 560

433 Slowly Rotating Polytropes 562

44 The Thermodynamics of Rotating Stellar Models565

441 Conservative Rotation565

442 Von Zeipel's Theorem566

443 Meridional Circulation 567

444 The Non-conservative Case 569

445 The Eddington-Sweet Timescale570

446 Meridional Circulation in Inhomogeneous Stars573

45 The Angular-Velocity Distribution in Stars 575

451 Viscosity

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