唐代汴州——宣武軍節度使研究

内容概要

曾賢熙，中國文化大學史學研究所博士，曾任大葉工學院共同科講師、副教授、大葉工學院教務處課務組主任，現任大葉大學造形藝術學系、通識教育中心合聘副教授。撰有《唐代前期（618-755）對安西四鎮的經營》（碩士論文，1983），《唐代汴州――宣武軍節度研究》（博士論文，1991），以及在期刊、研討會發表之論文30 餘篇。

书籍目录

第一章 緒 論···························································· 1

第二章 宣武軍節度使的地理與人文························· 7

第一節 地理形勢······················································ 7

第二節 氣候與物產················································ 17

第三節 水陸交通···················································· 21

第四節 人文特色···················································· 30

第三章 關中本位政策下的宣武軍節度使··············· 33

第一節 隋唐時代的長安與洛陽····························· 33

第二節 唐代前期的宣武軍節度使·························· 39

第四章 藩鎮割據時期（肅宗～憲宗）的宣武軍

節度使·························································· 61

第一節 安史之亂時期的汴宋毫潁四州·················· 61

一、安史之亂的背景········································· 61

二、雍丘、宋州攻防戰····································· 64

三、運糧道的調整············································· 70

第二節 藩鎮抗命時期的宣武軍節度使·················· 74

一、繼承之戰·················································· 102

二、築城危機·················································· 107

三、運道爭奪戰·············································· 112

第三節 元和中興與宣武軍節度使························ 116

第五章 唐末的變亂與宣武軍節度使····················· 123

第一節 河朔復亂對宣武軍節度使的影響············ 123

第二節 劉稹之亂與宣武軍節度使························ 127

第三節 龐勛之亂與宣武軍節度使························ 130

一、東南地區人民的負擔······························· 130

二、龐勛之亂·················································· 132

第四節 黃巢之亂與朱溫篡唐······························· 135

一、黃巢之亂·················································· 135

二、朱溫的崛起·············································· 140

三、朱全忠與鄰鎮的交兵······························· 143

四、朱全忠篡唐·············································· 145

第六章 結 論························································ 149

參考書目···································································· 151

附 圖

圖一：中國歷史上各個時期基本經濟區位置圖··············· 3

圖二：宣武軍節度使轄區圖··········································· 8

圖三：宣武軍節度使所轄州縣圖·································· 10

圖四：宣武軍節度使區與周邊地理形勢圖···················· 11

圖五：宣武軍節度使轄區地形東西向剖面示意圖·········· 12

圖六：宣武軍節度使轄區地形南北向剖面示意圖·········· 13

圖七：開封附近的黃河剖面圖····································· 13

圖八：黃河六大變遷圖················································ 15

圖九：唐代黃河下游之經行圖····································· 16

圖十：黃河陝縣水文站水位流量曲線圖························ 19

圖十一：隋通濟渠略圖················································ 25

圖十二：唐代東都以東交通路線示意圖························ 27

圖十三：汴州與相州、魏州交通路線圖························ 29

圖十四：唐代安史之亂圖············································ 65

圖十五：唐代秦嶺山脈東段諸谷道圖··························· 71

圖十六：唐代黃巢之亂圖·········································· 138

附 表

表一：中國治水活動的歷史發展與地理分布的統計表····· 5

表二：唐代宣武軍節度使轄區渠道陂塘分布表············· 17

表三：黃淮平原的氣溫和雨量····································· 18

表四：唐代黃河南北諸道賦貢表·································· 21

表五：宣武軍節度使轄州州治與兩都鄰州州治里程表··· 30

表六：宣武軍節度轄區及其鄰區之風俗表···················· 31

表七：前漢至唐長安地區（渭水流域）人口統計表······ 35

表八：前漢至唐洛陽地區（洛水黃河流域）人口統計

表···································································· 35

表九：開皇天寶間戶口變化表····································· 43

表十：大業五年戶口地理分布表·································· 44

表十一：大業五年戶口密度分布表······························· 44

表十二：大業貞觀戶口地理分布比率比較表················· 46

表十三：貞觀中戶口密度分布表·································· 46

表十四：貞觀十三年與天寶元年戶口增減表················· 47

表十五：天寶元年人口密度分布表······························· 48

表十六：大業貞觀天寶年間各道戶口增減百分比表······ 49

表十七：唐代前期（618～755）部分州府長官任期表··· 52

表十八：唐代汴州刺史表（618～755）························ 54

表十九：唐代宋州刺史表（618～755）························ 57

表二十：唐代毫州刺史表（618～755）························ 59

表二十一：唐代泗州刺史表（618～755） ···················· 60

表二十二：淮南節度使表············································ 77

表二十三：武寧軍節度使表········································· 80

表二十四：宣武軍節度使表········································· 83

表二十五：忠武軍節度使表········································· 87

表二十六：義成節度使表············································ 91

表二十七：河陽節度使表············································ 95

表二十八：陝虢都防禦觀察處置等使表························ 98

表二十九：代宗德宗時各節度使內亂表······················ 105

作者简介

唐代宣武軍節度使轄汴、宋、毫、穎四州，此四州居河、淮之間，地勢低平，水道縱橫，自古即為關中通東南地區的交通要道。隋煬帝開通濟渠，目的不僅為遊幸，至唐，通濟渠更成為轉輸東南財賦至西北的大動脈，汴、宋、毫三州為運河所經，唐長安政府對東南財賦的倚賴程度愈大，此區地位益形重要。

首都為首善之區，人文薈萃之地，隋唐政府以國防及政治因素，定都長安。關中地區地狹人稠，糧食常不能自給，至高宗、武后時，因對外用兵及官僚集團的膨脹，每遇飢荒，輒有就食東都之行。玄宗重視漕運，把關東的財賦區與關中的政治文化中心緊密的結合在一起，成就了大唐盛世。

安史之亂後，河北租賦不入王室，唐中央政府對東南地區糧食的需求轉殷，主控通濟渠運道的宣武軍節度使人選，甚受朝廷重視。河南、河北藩鎮叛亂時，本區為敵對雙方爭取的對象，吐蕃、南詔寇擾時，本區提供防秋、防冬之兵與糧。

黃巢之亂，竄擾中國幾半，兩京殘破，東南地區生產事業遭受重大打擊，唐政權漸步入衰亡。朱溫降唐，以宣武軍為基礎，經二十幾年的發展，陸續併吞鄰鎮，成為當時天下第一強藩，終於篡唐。朱溫定都汴州，從此中國政治中心東移，以全國經濟重心東移故也。

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