化学和工程热力学

章节摘录

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前言

This book is intended to be the text for a course in thermodynamics for undergrad-uate students in chemical engineering. It has been used in this manner at the University of Delaware for more than twenty years, originally as a course for third-yearstudents and currently for sophomores. I had two objectives in writing the first edi-tion of this book, which have been retained in the succeeding editions. The first wasto develop a modern applied thermodynamics text especially for chemical engineering students, that was relevant to other parts of the curriculum, specifically coursesin separations processes, chemical reactor analysis, and process design. The otherobjective was to organize and present material in sufficient detail, and in such a waythat the student obtained a good understanding of the principles of thermodynamics, and a proficiency in applying these principles to the solution of a large variety ofenergy flow and equilibrium problems.Since the first two editions largely met these goals, and the principles of thermo-dynamics have not changed in the last decade, this edition is similar in structure tothe earlier ones. However, there have been three important changes in engineeringeducation in the recent decades. The first is the availability of powerful desktop com-puters. The second is greater concerns about safety and the environment. The thirdis the application of chemical engineering principles to new technology areas suchas biotechnology, polymers, solidstate processing, etc. In the current edition of thistext I have made changes to address each of these issues.The availability of desktop computers and equationsolving software has nowmade it possible to bring engineering science, industrial practice, and undergraduateeducation much closer together. In particular, students in their dormitory rooms orat home can now perform sophisticated thermodynamics and phase equilibrium cal-culations similar to those that they will encounter in industry. I provide two differentways to accomplish this.

内容概要

作者：(美国)桑德美(Stanley I.Sandler)

书籍目录

NOTATIONCHAPTER INTRODUCTION1.1 The Central Problems of Thermodynamics1.2 A System of Units1.3 The Equilibrium State1.4 Pressure, Temperature, and Equilibrium1.5 Heat, Work, and the Conservation of Energy1.6 Specification of the Equilibrium State; Intensive and ExtensiveVariables; Equations of State1.7 A Summary of Important Experimental Observations1.8 A Comment on the Development of ThermodynamicsProblemsCHAPTER CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY2.1 A General Balance Equation and Conserved Quantities2.2 Conservation of Mass2.3 Conservation of Energy2.4 The Thermodynamic Properties of Matter2.5 Applications of the Mass and Energy Balances2.6 Conservation of Momentum2.7 The Microscopic Equations of Change for Thermodynamics andFluid Mechanics （Optional）ProblemsCHAPTER ENTROPY: AN ADDITIONAL BALANCE EQUATION3.1 Entropy: A New Concept3.2 The Entropy Balance and Reversibility3.3 Heat, Work, Engines, and Entropy3.4 Entropy Changes of Matter3.5 Applications of the Entropy Balance3.6 Liquefaction3.7 Power Generation and Refrigeration Cycles3.8 The Thermodynamics of Mechanical Explosions3.9 The Microscopic Entropy Balance （Optional）ProblemsCHAPTER THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF REALSUBSTANCES4.1 Some Mathematical Preliminaries4.2 The Evaluation of Thermodynamic Partial Derivatives4.3 The Ideal Gas and Absolute-Temperature Scales4.4 The Evaluation of Changes in the Thermodynamic Properties of RealSubstances Accompanying a Change of State4.5 An Example Involving the Change of State of a Real Gas4.6 The Principle of Corresponding States4.7 Generalized Equations of State4.8 The Third Law of Thermodynamics4.9 More About Thermodynamic Partial Derivatives （Optional）Appendix A4.1 A Program for Thermodynamic PropertiesCalculations Using the Peng-Robinson Cubic EquationofState, PR1ProblemsCHAPTER 5EQUILIBRIUM AND STABILITY IN ONE-COMPONENTSYSTEMS5.1 The Criteria for Equilibrium5.2 Stability of Thermodynamic Systems5.3 Phase Equilibria: Application of the Equilibrium and StabilityCriteria to the Equation of State5.4 The Molar Gibbs Free Energy and Fugacity of a PureComponent5.5 The Calculation of Pure Fluid-Phase Equilibrium: The Computationof Vapor Pressure from an Equation of State5.6 The Specification of the Equilibrium Thermodynamic State of aSystem of Several Phases: The Gibbs Phase Rule for aOne-Component System5.7 Thermodynamic Properties of Phase TransitionsProblemsCHAPTER 6THE THERMODYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENTMIXTURES6.1 The Thermodynamic Description of Mixtures6.2 The Partial Molar Gibbs Free Energy and the GeneralizedGibbs-Duhem Equation6.3 A Notation for Chemical Reactions6.4 The Equations of Change for a Multicomponent System6.5 The Heat of Reaction and a Convention for the ThermodynamicProperties of Reacting Mixtures6.6 The Experimental Determination of the Partial Molar Volume andEnthalpy 6.7 Criteria for Phase Equilibrium in Multicomponent Systems6.8 The Criteria for Chemical Equilibrium, and Combined Chemical andPhase Equilibrium6.9 The Specification of the Equilibrium Thermodynamic State of aMulticomponent, Multiphase System; the Gibbs Phase Rule6.10 Some Concluding RemarksProblemsCHAPTER 7THE ESTIMATION OF THE GIBBS FREE ENERGY ANDFUGACITY OF A COMPONENT IN A MIXTURE7.1 The Ideal Gas Mixture7.2 The Partial Molar Gibbs Free Energy and Fugacity7.3 The Ideal Mixture and Excess Mixture Properties7.4 The Fugacity of Species in Gaseous, Liquid, and Solid Mixtures7.5 Several Correlative Liquid Mixture （Activity Coefficient）Models7.6 Two Predictive Activity Coefficient Models7.7 A Corresponding States Principle for Mixtures; The PseudocriticalConstant Method7.8 The Fugacity of Species in Nonsimple Mixtures7.9 Some Comments on Reference and Standard States7.10 A Combined Equation-of-State--Excess Gibbs Free Energy Models7.11 Electrolyte Solutions7.12 Concluding RemarksAppendix A7.1 A Statistical Mechanical Interpretation of the Entropy ofMixing in an Ideal MixtureAppendix A7.2 A Program for Multicomponent Vapor-LiquidEquilibrium Calculations Using the Peng-RobinsonCubic Equation of State, VLMUAppendix A7.3 Multicomponent Excess Gibbs Free Energy （ActivityCoefficient） ModelsAppendix A7.4 A Program for the Prediction of Activity Coefficientsand Low Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Using theUNIFAC Model, UNIFAC.ProblemsCHAPTER 8 PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN MIXTURESCHAPTER 9 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND THE BALANCE

作者简介

本书强调通过专业英语学习，建立和充实专业知识框架。教材分为“化学工业”、“化工工艺简介”、“化学工程”和“化工前沿领域”四大部分，有利专业英语教师进行主题教学。每个单元选用的原版专著和论文均达10处以上，语言丰富，有关化学工程和工艺的英语词汇反复出现。教材选用的语言材料新（大部分为90年代出版物）、范围广（选自国外40余种专著、教科书、专业期刊等）。学生可以通过学习这些材料，从各个层面上接触和深化主题，使基础比较差的学生得到明显提高，使基础比较好的学生能提高语言应用的熟练程度。与教材配套的教师参考资料随书赠送交流，已受到使用该教材的20余所高校有关教师的欢迎，并提供配套教辅材料。本教材提供了化学工程与工艺专业的比较丰富的语言材料，教师可以根据实际情况，加以深化处理，借以提高学生在专业英语方面听、说、写的能力。

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