财务会计

章节摘录

书摘    LIMITATIONS OF A TRIAL BALANCE    A trial balance does not guarantee freedom from recording errors, however. It does not prove that all transactions have bern recorded or that the ledger is correct. Nu-merous errors may exist even though the trial balance columns agree. For exam- ple, the trial balance may balance even when (1) a transaction is not journalized, (2) a correct journal entry is not posted, (3) a journal entry is posted twice, (4) incorrect accounts are used in journalizing or posting, or (5) offsetting errors are made in recording the amount of a transaction. In other words, as long as equal debits and credits are posted, even to the wrong account or in the wrong amount, the total debits will equal the total credits.    LOCATING ERRORS    The procedure for preparing a trial balance is relatively simple. However, if the trial balance does not balance, locating an error in a manual system can be time-consuming, tedious, and frustrating. Errors generally result from mathematical mistakes, incorrect postings, or simply transcribing data incorrectly.    What do you do if you are faced with a trial balance that does not balance?First determine the amount of the difference between the two columns of the trialbalance. After this amount is known, the following steps are often helpful:  1.  If the error is $1, $10, $100, or $1,000, re-add the trial balance columns and recompute the account balances.  2.  If the error is divisible by 2, scan the trial balance to see whether a balance equal to half the error has been entered in the wrong column.  3.  If the error is divisible by 9. retrace the account balances on the trial balance to see whether they are incorrectly copied from the ledger. For example, if a balance was $12 and it was listed as $21, a $9 error has been made. Reversing the order of numbers is called a transposition error.  4.  If the error is not divisible by 2 or 9 (for example, $365), scan the ledger to see whether an account balance of $365 has been omitted from the trial balance, and scan the journal to see whether a $365 posting has been omitted.   USE OF DOLLAR SIGNS   Note that dollar signs do not appear in the journals or ledgers. Dollar signs are usually used only in the trial balance and the financial statements. Generally, a dollar sign is shown only for the first item in the column and for the total of that column. A single line is placed under the column of figures to be added or sub-tracted; the total amount is double underlined to indicate the final sum.     WORKING CAPITAL.  The excess of current assets over current liabilities iscalled working capital. For Genlyte Inc., working capital is $86,000, as shownbelow.                Current Assets    -   Current Liabilities   =   Working Capital                $156,000          -  $70,000                =   $86,000    The amount of working capital provides some indication of the company's abil-ity to meet its existing current obligations. A large amount of working capitalgenerally means a company can meet its current liabilities as they fall due and, if desired, pay dividends. Although no set standards exist for the level of working capital a company should maintain, the general adequacy of a company's work-ing capital is often determined by comparing data from prior periods and fromsimilar companies of comparable size. Genlyte's working capital appears adequate.   Profitability   Profitability ratios measure the income or operating success of an enterprise for a given period of time. Income, or the lack of it, affects the company's ability to obtain debt or equity financing and the company's ability to grow. PROFIT MARGIN PERCENTAGE.  One important ratio used to measure prof-itability is the profit margin percentage (or rate of return on sales). It measures the percentage of each dollar of sales that results in net income. It is calculatedby dividing net income by net sales for the period. Genlyte Inc.'s profit marginpercentage is 3.3 percent, computed as follows.              Net Income +   Net Sales=    Profit Margin Percentage              $14,000     +  $430,000  =    3.3%    This ratio seems low. Much, however, depends on the type of industry. High-volume retailers, such as grocery stores (Safeway or Kroger) or discount stores(WaI-Mart or Kmart), generally have a low profit margin. They make a small profiton each sale but have many sales.      To appeal to more potential investors, a corporation may issue an additional class of stock, called preferred stock. Preferred stock has contractual provisions that give it a preference or priority over common stock in certain areas. Typically, pre-ferred stockholders have a priority as to (1) distributions of earnings (dividends) and (2) assets in the event of liquidation. However, they generally do not have voting rights.     Like common stock, preferred stock may be issued for cash or for noncash as- sets. The entries for these transactions are similar to the entries for common stock. When a corporation has more than one class of stock, each paid-in capital account title should identify the stock to which it relates. For example, a company might have the following accounts: Preferred Stock, Common Stock, Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value--Preferred Stock, and Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value—Common Stock. Assume that Stine Corporation issues 10,000 shares of $10 par value preferred stock for $12 cash per share. The entry to record the issuance is:     Cash                   120，000        Preferred Stock                    100，000       Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value-Preferred Stock     20，000         (To record the issuance of 10,000 shares of $10 par         value preferred stock)     Preferred stock may have either a par value or no-par value. In the stock- holders' equity section of the balance sheet, preferred stock is shown first because of its dividend and liquidation preferences over common stock.     Various features associated with the issuance of preferred stock, including div-idend preferences, liquidation preferences, convertibility, and callability, are dis-cussed on the following pages.   DIVIDEND PREFERENCES   As noted earlier, preferred stockholders have the right to share in the distribution of corporate income before common stockholders. For example, d the dividend rate on preferred stock is $5 per share, common shareholders will not receive any dividends in the current year until preferred stockholders have received $5 per share. The first claim to dividends does not, however, guarantee the payment of dividends. Dividends depend on many factors, such as adequate retained earnings and availability of cash.    The per share dividend amount is stated as a percentage of the preferred stock's par value or as a specified amount. For example, Crane Company speci- fies a 33/4 percent dividend on its $100 par value preferred ($100 × 33/4% = $3.75 per share). DuPont has both a $4.50 and a $3.50 series of no-par preferred stock.    Cumulative Dividend    Preferred stock often contains a cumulative dividend feature. This means that pre-ferred stockholders must be paid both current-year dividends and any unpaidprior-year dividends before common stockholders receive dividends. When pre,ferred stock is cumulative, preferred dividends not declared in a given period are called dividends in arrears.    To illustrate, assume that Scientific-Leasing has 5,000 shares of 7 percent, $100 par value, cumulative preferred stock outstanding. The annual dividend is $35,000 (5,000 × $7 per share), but dividends are two years in arrears. In this case pre-ferred stockholders are entitled to receive the following dividends in the current year.                     Dividends in arrears ($35,000 × 2)      $ 70,000                     Current-year dividends                   35,000                     Total preferred dfvideuda                $105,000   No distribution can be made to common stockholders until this entire preferreddividend is paid. In other words, dividends cannot be paid to common stockhold-ers while any preferred stock is in arrears.     ……

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序随着世界经济一体化进程的加快，会计信息作为国际通用商业语言的功能越来越强化。在中国加入WTO之后，中国经济正以更快的速度融入世界经济大潮之中。与此相适应，中国的会计标准必将进一步向国际标准靠拢。举世公认，由于多方面的原因，在会计标准国际化的过程中，美国的公认会计准则(GAAP)是最具影响力的。因此，更多地了解美国的GAAP，对于推动我国会计改革的进一步深化、加速中国会计标准的国际化，具有很重要的意义。在此背景下，中信出版社引进美国著名出版社出版的有重大影响的英文原版会计教科书，是一件很有意义的事情。    这套英文教科书，内容全面，架构完备，既包括基本的会计学原理、财务会计和管理会计，也包括高层次的专题会计、财务报告和报表分析。其中，《会计学原理》、《财务会计》、《管理会计》和《中级会计》的作者均是美国久负盛名的会计学教授，无论杰里·J·韦安特博士、唐纳德·E·基索博士，还是保罗·D·金梅尔博士、特里·D·沃菲尔德博士，在美国会计学界都具有重大影响和权威性。他们都是美国会计协会、美国注册会计师协会的成员，并曾服务于财务会计准则委员会(FASB)的重要部门，对于GAAP的修订及改革发展具有相当的影响。这些书是他们总结多年教学经验和专业研究经验精心编写而成，一经出版便备受瞩目和欢迎，并且已经成为美国高校会计教学中的必选书籍。尤其是《中级会计》一书，自1965年首次出版，至今已出版到第10版，每个版本都受到热烈欢迎，目前的第10版不仅增加了光盘，更增加了网上相关辅导和练习，使其成为更加完善的教学用书。    另外，《高级会计》、《会计信息系统》、《国际会计与跨国企业》和《财务会计理论与分析》等书的作者也是颇具盛名的专家权威，这些作者既有多年教学经验，又有长期实际从业经验，其编写的书籍既适合普通高校会计专业本科生学习，也适用于广大实际工作者，其中《财务会计》一书特别适合非会计专业的读者了解美国会计。    我衷心祝愿这套英文教科书的出版，能给广大读者带来便利。                                                戴德明                                            于中国人民大学宜园

书籍目录

TO THE INSTRUCTOR  1  Accounting in Action 2  The Recording Process 3  Adjusting the Accounts 4  Completion of the Accounting Cycle 5  Accounting for Merchandising Operations 6  Inventories 7  Accounting Principles  8  Internal Control and Cash 9  Accounting for Receivables 10  Plant Assets, Natural Resources, and Intangible Assets 11  Liabilities  12  Corporations: Organization, Stock Transactions, Dividends, and Retained      Earnings 13  Investments  14  The Statement of Cash Flows  15  Financial Statement AnalysisAPPENDIXES A  Specimen Financial Statements: Lands'End, Inc.  B  Specimen Financial Statements: Abercrombie & Fitch  C  Time Value of Money  D  Payroll Accounting  E  Subsidiary Ledgers and Special Journals F  Other Significant Liabilities

作者简介

这套英文教科书，内容全面，架构完备，既包括基本的会计学原理、财务会计和管理会计，也包括高层次的专题会计、财务报告和报表分析。其中，《会计学原理》、《财务会计》、《管理会计》和《中级会计》的作者均是美国久负盛名的会计学教授，无论杰里·J·韦安特博士、唐纳德·E·基索博士，还是保罗·D·金梅尔博士、特里·D·沃菲尔德博士，在美国会计学界都具有重大影响和权威性。

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