历史语言学

书籍目录

1. The fact of language change

1.1 Boris Becker's observation

1.2 English then and now

1.3 Attitudes to language change

1.4 The inevitability of change

2. Lexical and semantic change

2.1 Borrowing

2.2 Phonological treatment of loans

2.3 Morphological treatment of loans

2.4 Formation of new words

2.5 Change in word-meaning

3. Phonological change Ⅰ: Change in pronunciation

3.1 The phonetic basis of phonological change

3.2 Assimilation and dissimilation

3.3 Lenition and fortition

3.4 Additional and removal of phonetic features

3.5 Vowels and syllable structure

3.6 Whole-segment process

3.7 The regularity issue: a first look

3.8 Summary

4. Phonological change Ⅱ: Change in phonological systems

4.1 Conditioning and rephonologization

4.2 Phonological space

4.3 Chain shifts

4.4 Phonological change as rule change

4.5 Summary

5. Morphological change

5.1 Reanalysis

5.2 Analogy and levelling

5.3 Universal principles of analogy

5.4 Morphologization

5.5 Morphologization of phonological rules

5.6 Change in morphological type

6. Syntactic change

6.1 Reanalysis of surface structure

6.2 Shift of markedness

6.3 Grammaticalization

6.4 Typological harrmony

6.5 Case study: the rise of ergativity

6.6 Syntactic change as restructuring of grammars

7. Relatedness between languages

7.1 The origin of dialects

7.2 Dialect geography

7.3 Genetic Relationships

7.4 Tree model and wave model

7.5 The language families of the world

8. The comparative method

8.1 Systematic correspondences

8.2 Comparative reconstruction

8.3 Pitfalls and limitations

8.4 The Neogrammarian Hypothesis

8.5 Semantic reconstruction

8.6 The use of typology and universals

8.7 Reconstructing grammar

8.8 The reality of proto-languages

9. Internal reconstruction

9.1 A first look at the internal method

9.2 Alternations and internal reconstruction

9.3 Case study: the laryngeal theory of PIE

9.4 Internal reconstruction of grammar and lexicon

10. The origin and propagation of change

10.1 The Saussurean paradox

10.2 Variation and social stratification

10.3 Variation as the vehicle of change

10.4 Lexical diffusion

10.5 Near-merger

10.6 A closing note

11. Contact and the birth and death of language

11.1 Language contact

11.2 Linguistic areas

11.3 Language birth: pidgins and creoles

11.4 Language death

11.5 Language planning

12. Language and prehistory

12.1 Etymology

12.2 Place names

12.3 Linguistic paleontology

12.4 Links with archaeology

12.5 Statistical methods

13. Very remote relations

13.1 The mainstream view

13.2 A brief history of remote proposal

13.3 The Nostratic hypothesis

13.4 Greenberg’s multilateral comparisons

13.5 Towards an evaluation of macro-families

13.6 Towards Proto-World?

13.7 The early spread of people and languages

13.8 Worldwide loan word?

作者简介

'Larry Trask's introduction to historical linguisties is what I've been wanting for many years: an introductory undergraduate textbook which presents the latest developments in historical research in a clear, exciting, and straightforward way.'

    Dorothy Disterheft, University of South Carolina This book is an introduction to historical linguistics- the study of language change over time, written in an engaging style and illustrated with examples from a wide range of languages, the book covers the fundamental concepts of language change, methods for historical linguistics,linguistic reconstruction, sociolinguistic aspects of language change, language contact, the birth and death of languages, language and prehistory and the issue of very remote relations. 

    The book is thoroughly up to date, and covers the most recent work on the study of phonological change in progress, on morphological and syntactic change, and on typological approaches to change, It also addresses such reccent controversies as the Nostratic hypothesis and the Greenberg/Cavalli-Sforza work on language, genes and teeth. 

    A minimal knowledge of linguistic concepts is needed and the book is suitable for students approaching the subject for the first time. The exercises will be particularly useful to teachers and students alike. The approach is data-oriented throughout and students are encouraged to confront data, to spot patterns and to draw on their own knowledge of languages.

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