土木工程材料

章节摘录

插图：The most significant requirement of a material used in civil engineering projects （such asroads, buildings, dams, foundations, bridges, and power plants） is that it be able to carry thedesign loads. In other words, the material should have adequate strength. Concrete used as afoundation slab should be able to carry the load from the superstructure and pass it on to theground below safely and without causing settlement; a wood beam supporting a timber floorshould be strong enough to transfer the floor loads to the supporting walls; the masonry of agravity dam should possess satisfactory compressive strength; and so on.As explained, however, strength is a generic term that means different things in differentapplications. Lumber used as a floor joist or signpost must command high bending strength,but when used as a pile must have significant compressive strength. However, no matter howthe loads are applied, all materials of construction are required to carry them safely.In addition to strength, materials are required to satisfy serviceability requirements, suchas deformation limits, durability aspects, constraints on performance, and adaptability. Typi-cally, serviceability implies satisfactory performance at all times. Recorded data on past per-formance, laboratory test results, and established practices will help to assess the serviceabili-ty aspects of a material.In general, a material should be able to satisfy nearly all functional aspects pertaining to aspecific job. For example, a material whose surface is slick and slippery when moist is a poorchoice for paving roads; a mortar that loses its binding property and crumbles with time is nota good choice for the construction of masonry walls; lumber that deteriorates from moisture oris susceptible to termite attack cannot be used in an exposed setting. When using varieties ofmaterials in the same project the effects of the combination of two or materials on the durabili-tv of the structure cannot be ignored, especially in assessing the long-term performance.

前言

This text was written originally by Mr. Shan Somayaji of California Polytechnic StateUniversity in San Luis Obispo and published by Prentice Hall, USA. Higher Education Pressof China would offer Chinese students some texts written in English to spread their knowl-edge. This book is recommended because it is a very practical text for the students in the junioryear. The text is rewritten based on the standards and practice in China.Although a great deal of care is taken to see that the details are current, noncontroversial,and free of error, it is natural to expect errors and omissions due to the vastness in scope andbreadth of this material. The author would be very grateful if these are brought to his notice atthe following address:School of Civil EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084The author also wishes to acknowledge the valuable contributions of Prof. Wang Lijiu ofDalian University of Technology, whose insightful comments in reviewing this manuscript aregreatly appreciated.

内容概要

改编：阎培渝  作者：（美国）索玛亚吉(Shan Somayaji)

书籍目录

第1章 引言11.1 材料和方法——历史的观察1.2 土木工程材料41.3 工程材料的性能51.3.1 力、荷载和应力71.3.2 应变111.3.3 刚度121.3.4 塑性和脆性材料161.4 材料的选择191.5 标准21问题23第2章 骨料242.1 骨料的种类242.1.1 按照来源和制备方法分类2.1.2 按照粒径分类272.1.3 按照密度分类272.2 骨料的性质302.2.1 比重和含湿量312.2.2 堆积密度和空隙362.2.3 弹性模量和强度372.2.4 粒级和细度模数382.2.5 其他性能43问题46第3章 混凝土和其他水泥基材料473.1 引言473.1.1 各种水泥基材料473.1.2 混凝土的用途483.2 水泥503.2.1 水硬性胶凝材料513.2.2 气硬性胶凝材料523.3 硅酸盐水泥543.3.1 制造过程543.3.2 水泥化学563.3.3 细度583.3.4 水泥的强度583.3.5 水泥的稠度593.4 水化反应603.4.1 凝结603.4.2 硬化613.5 混凝土的性能633.5.1 新拌混凝土的性能653.5.2 影响新拌混凝土的稠度和工作性的因素693.5.3 离析和泌水703.6 拌和、浇筑和养护713.6.1 泵送和浇筑743.6.2 抹面工序与类型763.6.3 养护773.7 硬化混凝土的性能833.7.1 抗压强度843.7.2 拉伸强度923.7.3 抗折强度933.7.4 应力-应变关系和弹性模量943.7.5 收缩973.7.6 徐变1063.7.7 碳化1073.8 耐久性1073.8.1 碱-骨料反应1083.8.2 硫酸盐侵蚀1093.8.3 冻融循环1103.8.4 钢筋锈蚀1103.9 混凝土配合比设计1123.9.1 配合比设计1133.9.2 配合比设计流程1153.10 外加剂1203.10.1 化学外加剂1203.10.2 矿物外加剂或火山灰材料1253.11 混凝土的类型1303.11.1 钢筋混凝土1303.11.2 预应力混凝土和预拌混凝土1313.11.3 纤维增强混凝土1333.11.4 轻混凝土1353.11.5 高强和高性能混凝土1373.12 其他水泥基材料1393.12.1 胶泥和腻子1393.12.2 砂浆1413.12.3 灌浆料1413.12.4 喷射混凝土1423.12.5 土壤固化剂1433.12.6 无砂混凝土和水泥固化胶合板144问题144第4章 砌体材料1464.1 墙体材料1494.1.1 粘土砖及其制造过程1504.1.2 砖的尺寸1534.1.3 砖的性质1534.1.4 混凝土砌块1554.2 砂浆、胶泥和腻子1574.2.1 石灰砂浆1584.2.2 砂浆的拌和及性质1594.2.3 灌浆料及其用途1624.2.4 腻子1634.3 砌体的性质164问题168第5章 木材1695.1 木材的结构1695.2 木材的种类1705.3 木材的物理性质1715.3.1 含湿量1725.3.2 密度和比重1735.4 收缩和风干1755.4.1 收缩1755.4.2 风干1775.5 加工和耐久性1775.5.1 腐烂和劣化1795.6 力学性质和允许值1805.7 木材制品1845.7.1 胶合板1865.7.2 层压板1885.7.3 其他板材1905.8 徐变192问题193第6章 沥青材料与沥青混合料1956.1 焦油和热解沥青1966.2 沥青1976.3 石油沥青1976.3.1 粘稠沥青1996.3.2 稀释沥青1996.3.3 乳化沥青和氧化沥青2006.4 沥青的性质2016.4.1 稠度2016.4.2 比重2046.4.3 耐久性2046.4.4 热损失率2056.4.5 水稳性2056.4.6 延性和粘附性2056.4.7 温度稳定性2066.4.8 硬化与老化2086.5 沥青的分级2086.5.1 粘性和针人度2096.5.2 基于性能的分级2116.5.3 稀释沥青的分级2126.6 沥青混合料2136.6.1 骨料2146.6.2 沥青混合料的种类2166.7 沥青路面2186.7.1 柔性路面的组成2196.7.2 稳定性2216.8 喷涂2226.9 试验224问题229第7章 钢铁2307.1 铸铁和熟铁2317.2 钢材2347.3 钢的性质2367.4 结构用钢2397.5 钢筋2427.6 焊接钢筋网244问题246

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