语音学教程

内容概要

彼得·赖福吉（Peter Ladefoged）教授，国际著名的语音学家，美国加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校终身教授，曾任美国语言学会会长、国际语音学会会长。

书籍目录

Preface xi

Part I Introductory Concepts 1

Chapter 1

Articulation and Acoustics 2

Speech Production 2

Sound Waves 6

Places of Articulatory Gestures 10

The Oro-Nasal Process 15

Manners of Articulation 15

Stop 15

Fricative 17

Approximant 17

Lateral (Approximant) 17

Additional Consonantal Gestures 18

The Acoustics of Consonants 19

The Articulation of Vowel Sounds 20

The Sounds of Vowels 23

Suprasegmentals 24

Recap 26

Exercises 27

Chapter 2

Phonology and Phonetic Transcription 35

The Transcription of Consonants 37

The Transcription of Vowels 41

Consonant and Vowel Charts 45

Phonology 47

Recap 51

Exercises 52

Performance Exercises 56

PART II ENGLISH PHONETICS?59

Chapter 3

The Consonants of English 60

Stop Consonants 61

Fricatives 69

Affricates 71

Nasals 71

Approximants 72

Overlapping Gestures 73

English Consonant Allophones 76

Diacritics 80

Recap 81

Exercises 81

Performance Exercises 86

Chapter 4

English Vowels 89

Transcription and Phonetic Dictionaries 89

Vowel Quality 91

The Auditory Vowel Space 93

American and British Vowels 95

Diphthongs 97

Rhotic Vowels 99

Lexical Sets 101

Unstressed Syllables 104

Tense and Lax Vowels 105

English Vowel Allophones 107

Recap 109

Exercises 110

Performance Exercises 113

Chapter 5

English Words and Sentences 115

Words in Connected Speech 115

Stress 119

Degrees of Stress 121

Sentence Rhythm 124

Intonation 126

Target Tones 134

Recap 138

Exercises 139

Performance Exercises 142

Part III GENERAL PHONETICS?143

Chapter 6

Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types 144

Airstream Mechanisms 144

States of the Glottis 156

Voice Onset Time 159

Summary of Actions of the Glottis 164

Recap 165

Exercises 166

Performance Exercises 168

Chapter 7

Consonantal Gestures 173

Articulatory Targets 173

Types of Articulatory Gestures 183

Stops 183

Nasals 184

Fricatives 185

Trills, Taps, and Flaps 186

Laterals 189

Summary of Manners of Articulation 191

Recap 192

Exercises 192

Performance Exercises 194

Chapter 8

Acoustic Phonetics 197

Source/Filter Theory 197

Tube Models 200

Perturbation Theory 202

Acoustic Analysis 203

Acoustics of Consonants 208

Interpreting Spectrograms 213

Individual Differences 221

Recap 224

Exercises 225

Chapter 9

Vowels and Vowel-Like Articulations 227

Cardinal Vowels 227

Secondary Cardinal Vowels 232

Vowels in Other Accents of English 234

Vowels in Other Languages 236

Advanced Tongue Root 238

Rhotacized Vowels 239

Nasalization 241

Summary of Vowel Quality 242

Semivowels 242

Secondary Articulatory Gestures 244

Recap 246

Exercises 247

Performance Exercises 249

Chapter 10

Syllables and Suprasegmental Features 253

Syllables 253

Stress 259

Length 260

Timing 261

Intonation and Tone 264

Stress, Tone, and Pitch Accent Languages 270

Recap 271

Exercises 272

Performance Exercises 274

Chapter 11

Linguistic Phonetics 277

Phonetics of the Community and of the Individual 277

The International Phonetic Alphabet 278

Feature Hierarchy 282

A Problem with Linguistic Explanations 287

Controlling Articulatory Movements 289

Memory for Speech 291

The Balance Between Phonetic Forces 294

Recap 296

Performance Exercises 296

Appendix A: Additional Material for Transcription 303

Appendix B: Guidelines for Contributors to the Journal of the International

Phonetic Association 305

Notes 307

Glossary 313

Further Reading 321

Index 325

作者简介

《语音学教程》经过反复修订，凝聚了作者毕生的研究和教学心得，已成为语音学经典教材。不同于其他语音学教材，它省去了很多概念的理论探讨，列举了大量的发音实例和三维语图，强调了发音的“动态”过程，非常适合初学者学习。

第七版由著名语音学Keith Johnson主笔修订，保留了前版的框架，但每一章节的内容都有不同程度的更新。尤其值得一提的是“要点重述（Recap）”，它并非简单的内容总结，而是对全章内容的综述和理论观照，有助于有兴趣的读者发掘有价值的课题，开展深入的语音学研究。

另外，第七版还搭建了一个网络资源平台，为纸质教材配备了互动式材料，读者可以通过X光透视视频观察发音的姿态，可以对照声谱图听音频体会发音的细节差异，还可以在线完成语音练习和测验。

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